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本篇內容介紹了“android如何實現異步消息機制”的有關知識,在實際案例的操作過程中,不少人都會遇到這樣的困境,接下來就讓小編帶領大家學習一下如何處理這些情況吧!希望大家仔細閱讀,能夠學有所成!
Handler、Message、Loopler、MessageQueen
首先看一下我們平常使用Handler的一個最常見用法。
Handler handler =new Handler(){ @Override public void handleMessage(Message msg) { super.handleMessage(msg); //這里進行一些UI操作等處理 } new Thread(new Runnable() { @Override public void run() { Message message = Message.obtain(); ........ handler.sendMessage(message); } }); };
看一下handler的構造函數的源碼
public Handler() { this(null, false); } //他會調用本類中的如下構造函數 public Handler(Callback callback, boolean async) { if (FIND_POTENTIAL_LEAKS) { final Class<? extends Handler> klass = getClass(); if ((klass.isAnonymousClass() || klass.isMemberClass() || klass.isLocalClass()) && (klass.getModifiers() & Modifier.STATIC) == 0) { Log.w(TAG, "The following Handler class should be static or leaks might occur: " + klass.getCanonicalName()); } } mLooper = Looper.myLooper(); if (mLooper == null) { throw new RuntimeException( "Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()"); } mQueue = mLooper.mQueue; mCallback = callback; mAsynchronous = async; }
看到當mLooper == null時會拋一個“Can't create handler inside thread that has not called Looper.prepare()”這個異常,所以我們在創建handler實例前首先需要調用Looper.prepare()
public static void prepare() { prepare(true); } //將looper保存到ThreadLocal中,這里可以把ThreadLocal理解為一個以當前線程為鍵的Map,所以一個線程中只會有一個looper private static void prepare(boolean quitAllowed) { if (sThreadLocal.get() != null) { throw new RuntimeException("Only one Looper may be created per thread"); } sThreadLocal.set(new Looper(quitAllowed)); } //我們看到在new Looper(quitAllowed)中,創建了一個消息隊列MessageQueen private Looper(boolean quitAllowed) { mQueue = new MessageQueue(quitAllowed); mThread = Thread.currentThread(); }
接下來我們看handler.sendMessage(message)這個方法,從字面意思就是將信息發送出去。一般sendMessage累的方法最終都會調用sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis)這個方法
public boolean sendMessageAtTime(Message msg, long uptimeMillis) { MessageQueue queue = mQueue; if (queue == null) { RuntimeException e = new RuntimeException( this + " sendMessageAtTime() called with no mQueue"); Log.w("Looper", e.getMessage(), e); return false; } return enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis); }
我們看到最終會執行enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis)這個方法
private boolean enqueueMessage(MessageQueue queue, Message msg, long uptimeMillis) { msg.target = this; if (mAsynchronous) { msg.setAsynchronous(true); } return queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis); }
最終又會調用MessageQueen中的queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis)這個方法,這里的queue就是looper構造方法中創建的那個消息隊列
//MessageQueen的enqueueMessage方法 boolean enqueueMessage(Message msg, long when) { if (msg.target == null) { throw new IllegalArgumentException("Message must have a target."); } if (msg.isInUse()) { throw new IllegalStateException(msg + " This message is already in use."); } synchronized (this) { if (mQuitting) { IllegalStateException e = new IllegalStateException( msg.target + " sending message to a Handler on a dead thread"); Log.w(TAG, e.getMessage(), e); msg.recycle(); return false; } msg.markInUse(); msg.when = when; Message p = mMessages; boolean needWake; if (p == null || when == 0 || when < p.when) { // New head, wake up the event queue if blocked. msg.next = p; mMessages = msg; needWake = mBlocked; } else { // Inserted within the middle of the queue. Usually we don't have to wake // up the event queue unless there is a barrier at the head of the queue // and the message is the earliest asynchronous message in the queue. needWake = mBlocked && p.target == null && msg.isAsynchronous(); Message prev; for (;;) { prev = p; p = p.next; if (p == null || when < p.when) { break; } if (needWake && p.isAsynchronous()) { needWake = false; } } msg.next = p; // invariant: p == prev.next prev.next = msg; } // We can assume mPtr != 0 because mQuitting is false. if (needWake) { nativeWake(mPtr); } } return true; }
MessageQueen雖然名字是一個隊列,但實質上他是一個單向鏈表,這個結構能快速進行插入和刪除操作。從上面源碼可以看出來,主要是按照發送消息的時間順序將msg插入到消息隊列中。接下來我們就需要從消息隊列中取出msg了。這時候就需要調用Looper.loop()方法。
public static void loop() { final Looper me = myLooper(); if (me == null) { throw new RuntimeException("No Looper; Looper.prepare() wasn't called on this thread."); } final MessageQueue queue = me.mQueue; // Make sure the identity of this thread is that of the local process, // and keep track of what that identity token actually is. Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); final long ident = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); for (;;) { //不斷從消息隊列中取出msg Message msg = queue.next(); // might block if (msg == null) { // No message indicates that the message queue is quitting. return; } // This must be in a local variable, in case a UI event sets the logger Printer logging = me.mLogging; if (logging != null) { logging.println(">>>>> Dispatching to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback + ": " + msg.what); } //將msg交由handler處理 msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg); if (logging != null) { logging.println("<<<<< Finished to " + msg.target + " " + msg.callback); } // Make sure that during the course of dispatching the // identity of the thread wasn't corrupted. final long newIdent = Binder.clearCallingIdentity(); if (ident != newIdent) { Log.wtf(TAG, "Thread identity changed from 0x" + Long.toHexString(ident) + " to 0x" + Long.toHexString(newIdent) + " while dispatching to " + msg.target.getClass().getName() + " " + msg.callback + " what=" + msg.what); } msg.recycleUnchecked(); } }
可以看到Looper.loop()方法通過在一個死循環中調用Message msg = queue.next()將消息不斷的從消息隊列中取出來。queue.next()方法的作用就是從消息隊列中取msg,唯一跳出循環的方式是MessageQueen的next方法返回了null。現在msg已經取出來,下一步就是怎樣將他傳遞給handler了對吧。所以在死循環中還有一個方法msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg) ,而msg.target就是handler,在上面handler的enqueueMessage()方法中傳入的msg.target = this,this就是handler本身,接下來就看看handler的dispatchMessage()方法
public void dispatchMessage(Message msg) { if (msg.callback != null) { handleCallback(msg); } else { if (mCallback != null) { if (mCallback.handleMessage(msg)) { return; } } handleMessage(msg); } }
如果我們采用無參的構造函數創建handler,msg.callback與mCallback均為空,所以我們會調用handleMessage(msg),這樣文章開頭的那個實例整個流程就走完了,handleMessage(msg)會在handler實例所在的線程中執行。
//當我們通過這種方式創建handler時,dispatchMessage中的mCallback就不為null public Handler(Callback callback) { this(callback, false); } //Callback是一個接口,里面正好也有我們需要的handleMessage(Message msg),dispatchMessage中的 if (mCallback != null) 語句內的內容,就是我們需要重寫的handleMessage(Message msg)方法 public interface Callback { public boolean handleMessage(Message msg); }
//當我們調用handler.post()方法執行異步任務時 public final boolean post(Runnable r) { return sendMessageDelayed(getPostMessage(r), 0); } //getPostMessage(r)這個方法中我們看到給m.callback賦值了,就是我們傳入的runnable接口 private static Message getPostMessage(Runnable r) { Message m = Message.obtain(); m.callback = r; return m; } //最后在handleCallback方法中我們執行了它的run方法,這也就解釋了為什么在子線程中可以用handler.post(Runnable r)更新UI private static void handleCallback(Message message) { message.callback.run(); }
總結
梳理整個執行過程
1.調用Looper.prepare()方法,這是創建handler所必須的。在主線程中由于ActivityThread已經通過Looper.prepareMainLooper()方法創建過looper,所以在主線程中創建handler以前無需創建looper,并通過Looper.loop()來開啟主線程的消息循環。
2.通過調用handler.sendMessage(message)方法最終會執行enqueueMessage(queue, msg, uptimeMillis),enqueueMessage又會調用MessageQueen的queue.enqueueMessage(msg, uptimeMillis),這樣消息就會被添加到消息隊列中。
3.調用Looper.loop()方法在死循環中執行Message msg = queue.next(),不斷的將msg從消息隊列中取出來,同時執行msg.target.dispatchMessage(msg),將消息傳遞給handler,由handler來處理,如我們調用的handleMessage就是處理消息的方式之一。
異步處理機制流程圖
從子線程進行UI 操作的幾種方式
Android 提供了幾種途徑來從其他線程訪問 UI 線程。以下列出了幾種有用的方法:
? Activity.runOnUiThread(Runnable)
? View.post(Runnable) 這里的view就是我們需要改變的ui控件
? View.postDelayed(Runnable, long)
? Handler.post(Runnable, long)
但是,隨著操作日趨復雜,這類代碼也會變得復雜且難以維護。 要通過工作線程處理更復雜的交互,可以考慮在工作線程中使用 Handler 處理來自 UI 線程的消息。當然,最好的解決方案或許是擴展 AsyncTask 類,此類簡化了與 UI 進行交互所需執行的工作線程任務。
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