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在windows操作系統中，硬盤有fat32和ntfs等多種格式。在linux中同樣如此。CentOS 6之前，主要是ext4、ext3和ext2等格式。在CentOS 7這個版本開始，默認的磁盤格式變成了xfs格式。
[root@server02 ~]# cat /etc/filesystems xfs ext4 ext3 ext2 nodev proc nodev devpts iso9660 vfat hfs hfsplus * [root@server02 ~]# mount //查看分區的文件系統類型，需要掛載才能看見 sysfs on /sys type sysfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,seclabel) proc on /proc type proc (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime) devtmpfs on /dev type devtmpfs (rw,nosuid,seclabel,size=494380k,nr_inodes=123595,mode=755) securityfs on /sys/kernel/security type securityfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime) tmpfs on /dev/shm type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel) devpts on /dev/pts type devpts (rw,nosuid,noexec,relatime,seclabel,gid=5,mode=620,ptmxmode=000) tmpfs on /run type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,seclabel,mode=755) tmpfs on /sys/fs/cgroup type tmpfs (ro,nosuid,nodev,noexec,seclabel,mode=755) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/systemd type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,xattr,release_agent=/usr/lib/systemd/systemd-cgroups-agent,name=systemd) pstore on /sys/fs/pstore type pstore (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/freezer type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,freezer) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpu,cpuacct type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuacct,cpu) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/pids type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,pids) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/cpuset type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,cpuset) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/net_cls,net_prio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,net_prio,net_cls) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/memory type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,memory) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/perf_event type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,perf_event) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/devices type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,devices) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/hugetlb type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,hugetlb) cgroup on /sys/fs/cgroup/blkio type cgroup (rw,nosuid,nodev,noexec,relatime,blkio) configfs on /sys/kernel/config type configfs (rw,relatime) /dev/sda3 on / type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota) selinuxfs on /sys/fs/selinux type selinuxfs (rw,relatime) systemd-1 on /proc/sys/fs/binfmt_misc type autofs (rw,relatime,fd=26,pgrp=1,timeout=300,minproto=5,maxproto=5,direct) debugfs on /sys/kernel/debug type debugfs (rw,relatime) hugetlbfs on /dev/hugepages type hugetlbfs (rw,relatime,seclabel) mqueue on /dev/mqueue type mqueue (rw,relatime,seclabel) /dev/sda1 on /boot type xfs (rw,relatime,seclabel,attr2,inode64,noquota) tmpfs on /run/user/0 type tmpfs (rw,nosuid,nodev,relatime,seclabel,size=100840k,mode=700)
一、磁盤格式化
| 命令 | 參數 | 涵義 |
mke2fs | -t | 指定格式，不支持xfs； mkfs.ext4 = mke2fs -t ext4 |
| -b | 指定塊大小 | |
| -m | 指定預留空間比（默認5%預留給超級用戶） | |
| -i | 指定每組的inode數，默認4個塊對應1個inode | |
| mkfs.xfs | 格式化成xfs |
測試示例：
[root@server02 ~]# mke2fs -t xfs /dev/sdb2 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Your mke2fs.conf file does not define the xfs filesystem type. Aborting... [root@server02 ~]# mkfs.xfs /dev/sdb2 meta-data=/dev/sdb2 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=131072 blks = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1 = crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0 data = bsize=4096 blocks=524288, imaxpct=25 = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks naming =version 2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1 log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=2560, version=2 = sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1 realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0 [root@server02 ~]# blkid /dev/sdb2 /dev/sdb2: UUID="d1873a00-ba11-4635-81af-a1e9bd697f70" TYPE="xfs"
二、磁盤掛載
只有格式化的分區才能被掛載。掛載使用mount命令，卸載使用umount命令。使用“-o”可以跟各種選項。默認選項為rw,suid,dev,exec,auto,nouser,和async。
[root@server02 ~]# mount /dev/sdb2 /mnt/ [root@server02 ~]# mount /dev/sdb3 /mnt/ mount: /dev/sdb3 寫保護，將以只讀方式掛載 mount: 未知的文件系統類型“(null)” [root@server02 ~]# df -h 文件系統 容量 已用 可用 已用% 掛載點 /dev/sda3 28G 1016M 27G 4% / devtmpfs 483M 0 483M 0% /dev tmpfs 493M 0 493M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 493M 6.8M 486M 2% /run tmpfs 493M 0 493M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda1 197M 109M 88M 56% /boot tmpfs 99M 0 99M 0% /run/user/0 /dev/sdb2 2.0G 33M 2.0G 2% /mnt [root@server02 ~]# umount /dev/sdb2 [root@server02 ~]# df -h 文件系統 容量 已用 可用 已用% 掛載點 /dev/sda3 28G 1016M 27G 4% / devtmpfs 483M 0 483M 0% /dev tmpfs 493M 0 493M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs 493M 6.8M 486M 2% /run tmpfs 493M 0 493M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup /dev/sda1 197M 109M 88M 56% /boot tmpfs 99M 0 99M 0% /run/user/0
通過mount命令掛載的分區只在當前有效，當系統重啟之后，分區將會消失。將分區掛載卸載/etc/fstab文件中，可以使系統啟動時默認掛載。可以使用mount -a命令自動加載配置文件里的配置。
[root@server02 ~]# cat /etc/fstab # # /etc/fstab # Created by anaconda on Sat May 27 06:10:33 2017 # # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # UUID=de480d95-018b-4e0b-a874-083a13d8412d / xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=82044aec-23c6-4e7f-8f05-51a24c0c956a /boot xfs defaults 0 0 UUID=be771427-d6c1-4d01-a8ab-a473e8df8ac5 swap swap defaults 0 0 [root@server02 ~]# man fstab ...... DESCRIPTION The file fstab contains descriptive information about the various file systems. fstab is only read by programs, and not written; it is the duty of the system administrator to properly create and maintain this file. Each filesystem is described on a separate line; fields on each line are separated by tabs or spaces. Lines starting with '#' are comments, blank lines are ignored. The order of records in fstab is important because fsck(8), mount(8), and umount(8) sequentially iterate through fstab doing their thing. The first field (fs_spec). //UUID或LABEL This field describes the block special device or remote filesystem to be mounted. ...... The second field (fs_file). //掛載點 This field describes the mount point for the filesystem. For swap partitions, this field should be specified as `none'. If the name of the mount point contains spaces these can be escaped as `\040'. ...... The third field (fs_vfstype). //分區格式 This field describes the type of the filesystem. Linux supports lots of filesystem types, such as adfs, affs, autofs, coda, coherent, cramfs, devpts, efs, ext2, ext3, hfs,hpfs, iso9660, jfs, minix, msdos, ncpfs, nfs, ntfs, proc, qnx4, reiserfs, romfs, smbfs, sysv, tmpfs, udf, ufs, umsdos, vfat, xenix, xfs, and possibly others. For more details, see mount(8). ...... The fourth field (fs_mntops). //可選選項 This field describes the mount options associated with the filesystem. ...... The fifth field (fs_freq). //是否備份 This field is used for these filesystems by the dump(8) command to determine which filesystems need to be dumped. If the fifth field is not present, a value of zero is returned and dump will assume that the filesystem does not need to be dumped. ...... The sixth field (fs_passno). //是否開機檢測，不檢查為0，檢查為2 This field is used by the fsck(8) program to determine the order in which filesystem checks are done at reboot time. The root filesystem should be specified with a fs_passno of 1, and other filesystems should have a fs_passno of 2. Filesystems within a drive will be checked sequentially, but filesystems on different drives will be checked at the same time to utilize parallelism available in the hardware. If the sixth field is not present or zero, a value of zero is returned and fsck will assume that the filesystem does not need to be checked.
另外一種開機自動掛載的方法是將mount命令寫在/etc/rc.local里，開機自動執行掛載命令達到掛載的效果。
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