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原文:
從Oracle到PostgreSQL:最全控制文件(上) https://www.enmotech.com/web/detail/1/770/1.html
從Oracle到PostgreSQL:最全控制文件(下) https://www.enmotech.com/web/detail/1/771/1.html
導讀:本文介紹了Oracle和PostgreSQL控制文件基本內容,對如何重建PostgreSQL控制文件進行了詳細描述并進行了恢復測試。
控制文件內容
Oracle控制文件內容
從官方文檔上可以知道控制文件保存著下列信息:
由于控制文件是個二進制文件,無法直接打開查閱,可以將控制文件內容轉儲出來便于查看,可以使用以下命令來做轉存。
SQL> alter session set events 'immediate trace name controlf level 8';Session altered.SQL> select value from v$diag_info where name='Default Trace File';VALUE--------------------------------------------------------------------------------/u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/rac12201/RAC122011/trace/RAC122011_ora_24813.trc
注意,從11g開始可以通過v$diag_info獲得當前會話轉儲文件的名稱。
打開跟蹤文件可以清晰的看到控制文件的內容,最開始的一段是關于數據庫ID、名稱等的概要信息:
Trace file /u01/app/oracle/diag/rdbms/rac12201/RAC122011/trace/RAC122011_ora_24813.trcOracle Database 12c Enterprise Edition Release 12.2.0.1.0 - 64bit ProductionBuild label: RDBMS_12.2.0.1.0_LINUX.X64_170125ORACLE_HOME: /u01/app/oracle/product/12.2.0.1/dbhome_1System name: LinuxNode name: ractest1Release: 2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64Version: #1 SMP Sun Nov 10 22:19:54 EST 2013Machine: x86_64Instance name: RAC122011Redo thread mounted by this instance: 1Oracle process number: 96Unix process pid: 24813, image: oracle@ractest1 (TNS V1-V3)*** 2019-05-30T09:15:38.980823+08:00 (CDB$ROOT(1))*** SESSION ID:(59.49876) 2019-05-30T09:15:38.980878+08:00*** CLIENT ID:() 2019-05-30T09:15:38.980885+08:00*** SERVICE NAME:(SYS$USERS) 2019-05-30T09:15:38.980891+08:00*** MODULE NAME:(sqlplus@ractest1 (TNS V1-V3)) 2019-05-30T09:15:38.980897+08:00*** ACTION NAME:() 2019-05-30T09:15:38.980903+08:00*** CLIENT DRIVER:(SQL*PLUS) 2019-05-30T09:15:38.980908+08:00*** CONTAINER ID:(1) 2019-05-30T09:15:38.980914+08:00DUMP OF CONTROL FILES, Seq # 233771 = 0x3912bV10 STYLE FILE HEADER: Compatibility Vsn = 203424000=0xc200100 Db ID=1217928546=0x48981d62, Db Name='RAC12201' Activation ID=0=0x0 Control Seq=233771=0x3912b, File size=1216=0x4c0 File Number=0, Blksiz=16384, File Type=1 CONTROL
接下來是數據條目的詳細信息,包括了數據的名稱、數據文件及日志文件的數量、數據庫的檢查點及SCN信息等:
***************************************************************************DATABASE ENTRY***************************************************************************(size = 316, compat size = 316, section max = 1, section in-use = 1, last-recid= 0, old-recno = 0, last-recno = 0)(extent = 1, blkno = 1, numrecs = 1)03/31/2019 23:47:46DB Name "RAC12201"Database flags = 0x10406001 0x00001200 0x00000082Controlfile Creation Timestamp 03/31/2019 23:47:47Incmplt recovery scn: 0x0000000000000000Resetlogs scn: 0x0000000000157e2e Resetlogs Timestamp 03/31/2019 23:47:49Prior resetlogs scn: 0x0000000000000001 Prior resetlogs Timestamp 01/26/2017 13:52:29Redo Version: compatible=0xc200100#Data files = 28, #Online files = 25Database checkpoint: Thread=1 scn: 0x0000000002a1699eThreads: #Enabled=2, #Open=2, Head=1, Tail=2enabled threads: 01100000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000.......Max log members = 3, Max data members = 1Arch list: Head=1, Tail=9, Force scn: 0x00000000029c57a6scn: 0x0000000000000000Activation ID: 1217928802Snapshot Controlfile filename name #31: +DATA/snapcf_rac12201.fSnapshot Controlfile checkpoint scn: 0x00000000026d24dd 05/25/2019 22:40:30SCN compatibility 1Auto-rollover enabledControlfile Checkpointed at scn: 0x0000000002a231ff 05/30/2019 09:15:32thread:0 rba:(0x0.0.0)enabled threads: 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000 00000000.......
再接下來是檢查點記錄信息,這部分內容包含了Low Cache RBA 和 On Disk RBA信息,在執行數據庫實例恢復時,前者是恢復的起點,后者是恢復的終點,其分別指向了日志文件中的確定地址:
***************************************************************************CHECKPOINT PROGRESS RECORDS***************************************************************************(size = 8180, compat size = 8180, section max = 35, section in-use = 0, last-recid= 0, old-recno = 0, last-recno = 0)(extent = 1, blkno = 2, numrecs = 35)THREAD #1 - status:0x2 flags:0x0 dirty:54low cache rba:(0x13c.ec78.0) on disk rba:(0x13c.edda.0)on disk scn: 0x0000000002a232bc 05/30/2019 09:15:37resetlogs scn: 0x0000000000157e2e 03/31/2019 23:47:49heartbeat: 1009031373 mount id: 1222276307
控制文件還有跟多其它記錄,大家可以轉儲出來仔細閱讀接下來的每個條目。
接下來我們看看PostgreSQL控制文件都記錄了什么。
PostgreSQL控制文件內容
相比Oracle的控制文件,PostgreSQL控制文件內容就少了很多,主要分為是三部分,初始化靜態信息、WAL及檢查點的動態信息、一些配置信息。
我們可以用過pg_controldata命令直接讀取PostgreSQL控制文件內容:
[postgres@lsl-test1 ~]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_controldata -D /pg/pg11/datapg_control version number: 1100Catalog version number: 201809051Database system identifier: 6691945724594983959Database cluster state: in productionpg_control last modified: Thu 30 May 2019 03:20:03 PM CSTLatest checkpoint location: 0/60001E8Latest checkpoint's REDO location: 0/60001E8Latest checkpoint's REDO WAL file: 000000010000000000000006Latest checkpoint's TimeLineID: 1Latest checkpoint's PrevTimeLineID: 1Latest checkpoint's full_page_writes: onLatest checkpoint's NextXID: 0:1048576Latest checkpoint's NextOID: 10000Latest checkpoint's NextMultiXactId: 65536Latest checkpoint's NextMultiOffset: 52352Latest checkpoint's oldestXID: 2296015872Latest checkpoint's oldestXID's DB: 0Latest checkpoint's oldestActiveXID: 0Latest checkpoint's oldestMultiXid: 65536Latest checkpoint's oldestMulti's DB: 0Latest checkpoint's oldestCommitTsXid:0Latest checkpoint's newestCommitTsXid:0Time of latest checkpoint: Thu 30 May 2019 03:20:03 PM CSTFake LSN counter for unlogged rels: 0/1Minimum recovery ending location: 0/0Min recovery ending loc's timeline: 0Backup start location: 0/0Backup end location: 0/0End-of-backup record required: nowal_level setting: replicawal_log_hints setting: offmax_connections setting: 100max_worker_processes setting: 8max_prepared_xacts setting: 0max_locks_per_xact setting: 64track_commit_timestamp setting: offMaximum data alignment: 8Database block size: 8192Blocks per segment of large relation: 131072WAL block size: 8192Bytes per WAL segment: 16777216Maximum length of identifiers: 64Maximum columns in an index: 32Maximum size of a TOAST chunk: 1996Size of a large-object chunk: 2048Date/time type storage: 64-bit integersFloat4 argument passing: by valueFloat8 argument passing: by valueData page checksum version: 0Mock authentication nonce: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
下面詳細介紹下各參數含義。
創建時間可以通過to_timestamp轉換查看到。
創建時間可以通過to_timestamp轉換查看到。postgres=# SELECT to_timestamp(((6691945724594983959>>32) & (2^32 -1)::bigint)); to_timestamp ------------------------2019-05-17 18:47:10+08(1 row)
Database cluster state 記錄實例的狀態。源碼文件中看到數據庫的幾種狀態,源碼pg_control.h中可以看到:
starting up:表示數據庫正在啟動狀態。shut down: 數據庫實例(非Standby)正常關閉后控制文件中就是此狀態。shut down in recovery:Standby實例正常關閉后控制文件中就是此狀態。shutting down:正常停庫時,先做checkpoint,開始做checkpoint時,會把狀態設置為此狀態,做完后把狀態設置為shut down。in crash recovery:數據庫實例非異常停止后,重新啟動后,會先進行實例的恢復,在實例恢復時的狀態就是此狀態。in archive recovery:Standby實例正常啟動后,就是此狀態。in production:數據庫實例正常啟動后就是此狀態。Standby數據庫正常啟動后不是此狀態
重建控制文件
如果控制文件損壞或丟失,數據庫將運行異常,也無法啟動。對于Oracle和PostgreSQL 控制文件同樣重要。
Oracle控制文件重建
對于Oracle來說,當控制文件損壞無備份的情況下,可以通過手工重建控制文件的方法來恢復控制文件。
具體命令如下圖:
詳細信息可以查看官方文檔:
https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/12.2/sqlrf/CREATE-CONTROLFILE.html#GUID-9B389F28-C4D0-405D-BFE6-48237E8BD791https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/12.2/admin/managing-control-files.html#GUID-98A05D29-DD80-4D87-9615-76CBCF8FE694
PostgreSQL控制文件重建
pg9.6前使用 pg_resetxlog,pg10之后使用pg_resetwal清理wal日志或重置控制文件中一些控制信息。
命令詳細介紹可以查看官方文檔:
https://www.postgresql.org/docs/11/app-pgresetwal.html
[postgres@lsl-test1 ~]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_resetwal -n -D /pg/pg11/datapg_resetwal: lock file "postmaster.pid" existsIs a server running? If not, delete the lock file and try again.[postgres@lsl-test1 ~]$ ./pg_resetwal --helppg_resetwal resets the PostgreSQL write-ahead log.Usage: pg_resetwal [OPTION]... DATADIROptions: -c, --commit-timestamp-ids=XID,XID set oldest and newest transactions bearing commit timestamp (zero means no change)[-D, --pgdata=]DATADIR data directory -e, --epoch=XIDEPOCH set next transaction ID epoch -f, --force force update to be done -l, --next-wal-file=WALFILE set minimum starting location for new WAL -m, --multixact-ids=MXID,MXID set next and oldest multitransaction ID -n, --dry-run no update, just show what would be done -o, --next-oid=OID set next OID -O, --multixact-offset=OFFSET set next multitransaction offset -V, --version output version information, then exit -x, --next-transaction-id=XID set next transaction ID --wal-segsize=SIZE size of WAL segments, in megabytes -?, --help show this help, then exit
下面看下命令各個參數具體含義:
-c參數有兩個參數值,一個最舊的事務號,一個最新的事務號。最舊的事務號的安全值,可以在pg_commit_ts目錄查詢最小的文件名;最新事務ID的安全值,可以在pg_commit_ts目錄查詢最大的文件名。文件名都是16進制。實際測試在11的版本pg_commit_ts目錄下未發現文件。
[postgres@lsl-test1 data]$ cd pg_commit_ts/[postgres@lsl-test1 pg_commit_ts]$ ls -ltotal 0
-e參數是設置事務號的新紀元(epoch),除了pg_resetwal設置的字段之外,事務ID新紀元實際上并不存儲在數據庫的任何位置。您可能需要調整此值,以確保Slony或者Skytools等復制系統能夠正確工作。如果是這樣的話,應該可以從下游復制數據庫的狀態獲得適當的值。
-l 參數通過指定下一個WAL段文件的名稱,手動設置WAL啟動位置。該選項使用WAL文件名,而不是LSN。下一個段的名字應該大于當前存在pg_wal目錄下的任何WAL段文件名。
[postgres@lsl-test1 pg_commit_ts]$ cd ../pg_wal/[postgres@lsl-test1 pg_wal]$ ls -ltotal 32768-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16777216 May 30 17:26 000000010000000000000007-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16777216 May 30 17:26 000000010000000000000008drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 6 May 17 17:22 archive_status
這些名稱也是十六進制的,文件名包含三部分 ,第一部分時間線號(timeline ID) ,第二部分邏輯日志號 ,第三部分日志段號。
-m參數也是兩個值,一個是下一個多事務號,一個是最舊的多事務號。
下一個多事務號的安全值,可以在目錄pg_multixact/offsets查找數值最大的文件名,加1然后乘以65536(0x10000)。
最舊的多事務號的安全值可以通過查詢目錄下數值最小的文件名乘以65536。文件名都是十六進制。
[postgres@lsl-test1 pg_wal]$ cd ../pg_multixact/offsets/[postgres@lsl-test1 offsets]$ ls -ltotal 8-rwx------. 1 postgres postgres 8192 May 17 18:04 0000
-o參數是設置下一個OID(OID,object 是pg內部使用,作為系統表的主鍵),我們恢復時可以不設置這個參數,因為設置一個超過數據庫中最大值OID沒有好的辦法。
-O參數是設置下一個多事務偏移量。查找pg_multixact/members目錄下數值最大的文件名,+1乘以52352 (0xCC80),可以計算出偏移量的安全值。目錄下文件的文件名也是十六進制的。
[postgres@lsl-test1 offsets]$ ls -l ../members/total 8-rwx------. 1 postgres postgres 8192 May 17 17:22 0000
--wal-segsize參數設置新的WAL段大小 。
-x參數是手工設置下一個事務ID,pg_xact目錄下可以查看數值最大的文件名,+1乘以 1048576 (0x100000),獲取安全值。文件名也是十六進制。
[postgres@lsl-test1 offsets]$ ls -l ../../pg_xact/total 16-rwx------. 1 postgres postgres 8192 May 17 18:04 0000-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 8192 May 30 17:26 0001
PostgreSQL控制文件恢復測試
測試過程如下(基于PostgreSQL 11.2) :
1. 新建測試數據, 用到with oids的表, 因為OID無法確定, 看看是否會有異常
postgres=# create table lsl_oid1(id int primary key) with oids; CREATE TABLEpostgres=# insert into lsl_oid1 select generate_series(1,100000);INSERT 0 100000postgres=# select min(oid),max(oid) from lsl_oid1 ; min | max -------+--------16400 | 116399(1 row)
2. 關閉數據,記錄下控制文件信息
[postgres@lsl-test1 bin]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_ctl stop -D /pg/pg11/datawaiting for server to shut down.... doneserver stopped
## 記下pg_controldata信息, 方便修復后進行比對
[postgres@lsl-test1 bin]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_controldata -D /pg/pg11/datapg_control version number: 1100Catalog version number: 201809051Database system identifier: 6691945724594983959Database cluster state: shut downpg_control last modified: Thu 30 May 2019 05:26:41 PM CSTLatest checkpoint location: 0/79E9888Latest checkpoint's REDO location: 0/79E9888Latest checkpoint's REDO WAL file: 000000010000000000000007Latest checkpoint's TimeLineID: 1Latest checkpoint's PrevTimeLineID: 1Latest checkpoint's full_page_writes: onLatest checkpoint's NextXID: 0:1048585Latest checkpoint's NextOID: 116400Latest checkpoint's NextMultiXactId: 65536Latest checkpoint's NextMultiOffset: 52352Latest checkpoint's oldestXID: 561Latest checkpoint's oldestXID's DB: 13878Latest checkpoint's oldestActiveXID: 0Latest checkpoint's oldestMultiXid: 1Latest checkpoint's oldestMulti's DB: 13878Latest checkpoint's oldestCommitTsXid:0Latest checkpoint's newestCommitTsXid:0Time of latest checkpoint: Thu 30 May 2019 05:26:40 PM CSTFake LSN counter for unlogged rels: 0/1Minimum recovery ending location: 0/0Min recovery ending loc's timeline: 0Backup start location: 0/0Backup end location: 0/0End-of-backup record required: nowal_level setting: replicawal_log_hints setting: offmax_connections setting: 100max_worker_processes setting: 8max_prepared_xacts setting: 0max_locks_per_xact setting: 64track_commit_timestamp setting: offMaximum data alignment: 8Database block size: 8192Blocks per segment of large relation: 131072WAL block size: 8192Bytes per WAL segment: 16777216Maximum length of identifiers: 64Maximum columns in an index: 32Maximum size of a TOAST chunk: 1996Size of a large-object chunk: 2048Date/time type storage: 64-bit integersFloat4 argument passing: by valueFloat8 argument passing: by valueData page checksum version: 0Mock authentication nonce: 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
3. 模擬控制文件故障,直接刪除控制文件
[postgres@lsl-test1 global]$ pwd/pg/pg11/data/global[postgres@lsl-test1 global]$ rm -rf pg_control
4. 啟動數據庫,模擬控制文件丟失場景
[postgres@lsl-test1 global]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_ctl startwaiting for server to start....postgres: could not find the database systemExpected to find it in the directory "/pg/pg11/data",but could not open file "/pg/pg11/data/global/pg_control": No such file or directorystopped waitingpg_ctl: could not start serverExamine the log output.
下面開始正式重建控制文件,使得數據庫可以正常啟動。
5. 首先創建一個名為pg_control的空文件
[postgres@lsl-test1 global]$ touch $PGDATA/global/pg_control
6. 使用pg_resetwal修復pg_control
確認pg_resetwal參數值。
首先確認-c參數,上面參數詳細分析發現目錄下為空,因此暫時忽略此參數。
-e參數是設置下一個事務號的新紀元,我們測試環境沒有其它復制系統因此也可以忽略。
-l參數,查看pg_wal下文件文件名,大于文件名最大值即可。
[postgres@lsl-test1 ~]$ cd /pg/pg11/data/pg_wal[postgres@lsl-test1 pg_wal]$ ls -ltotal 32768-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16777216 May 30 17:26 000000010000000000000007-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 16777216 May 30 17:26 000000010000000000000008drwx------. 2 postgres postgres 6 May 17 17:22 archive_status之類要大于最大值,因此我們可以去-l=000000010000000000000009-m參數取pg_multixact/offsets目錄下最大值加1然后乘以65536(0x10000)和最小值 乘以65536(0x10000)[postgres@lsl-test1 pg_commit_ts]$ cd ../pg_multixact/offsets/[postgres@lsl-test1 offsets]$ ls -ltotal 8-rwx------. 1 postgres postgres 8192 May 17 18:04 0000
因此-m可以取0x10000,0x00000。
-o參數不確定時,由于測試沒有復制軟件因此可以暫時忽略。
-O 查找pg_multixact/members目錄下數值最大的文件名,+1乘以52352 (0xCC80)。
[postgres@lsl-test1 offsets]$ cd ../members/[postgres@lsl-test1 members]$ ls -ltotal 8-rwx------. 1 postgres postgres 8192 May 17 17:22 0000
因此-O=0xCC80。
-x參數查找pg_xact目錄下可以查看數值最大的文件名,+1乘以 1048576 (0x100000)。
[postgres@lsl-test1 members]$ cd ../../pg_xact/[postgres@lsl-test1 pg_xact]$ ls -ltotal 16-rwx------. 1 postgres postgres 8192 May 17 18:04 0000-rw-------. 1 postgres postgres 8192 May 30 17:26 0001
因此-x=0x200000。
不加-f參數時可以查看要寫入控制文件中的參數內容。
[postgres@lsl-test1 pg_xact]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_resetwal -l 000000010000000000000009 -m 0x10000,0x00000 -O 0xCC80 -x 0x200000 -D /pg/pg11/datapg_resetwal: oldest multitransaction ID (-m) must not be 0[postgres@lsl-test1 pg_xact]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_resetwal -l 000000010000000000000009 -m 0x10000,0x00001 -O 0xCC80 -x 0x200000 -D /pg/pg11/datapg_resetwal: pg_control exists but is broken or wrong version; ignoring itGuessed pg_control values:pg_control version number: 1100Catalog version number: 201809051Database system identifier: 6696828635748080009Latest checkpoint's TimeLineID: 1Latest checkpoint's full_page_writes: offLatest checkpoint's NextXID: 0:3Latest checkpoint's NextOID: 10000Latest checkpoint's NextMultiXactId: 1Latest checkpoint's NextMultiOffset: 0Latest checkpoint's oldestXID: 3Latest checkpoint's oldestXID's DB: 0Latest checkpoint's oldestActiveXID: 0Latest checkpoint's oldestMultiXid: 1Latest checkpoint's oldestMulti's DB: 0Latest checkpoint's oldestCommitTsXid:0Latest checkpoint's newestCommitTsXid:0Maximum data alignment: 8Database block size: 8192Blocks per segment of large relation: 131072WAL block size: 8192Bytes per WAL segment: 16777216Maximum length of identifiers: 64Maximum columns in an index: 32Maximum size of a TOAST chunk: 1996Size of a large-object chunk: 2048Date/time type storage: 64-bit integersFloat4 argument passing: by valueFloat8 argument passing: by valueData page checksum version: 0Values to be changed:First log segment after reset: 000000010000000000000009NextMultiXactId: 65536OldestMultiXid: 1OldestMulti's DB: 0NextMultiOffset: 52352NextXID: 2097152OldestXID: 2297064448OldestXID's DB: 0If these values seem acceptable, use -f to force reset.[postgres@lsl-test1 pg_xact]$ cd ../global/[postgres@lsl-test1 global]$ ls -l pg_control-rw-r--r--. 1 postgres postgres 0 May 30 17:36 pg_control
7. 啟動數據庫
確認控制文件參數無誤后加上-f會寫入到控制文件里。
[postgres@lsl-test1 global]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_resetwal -l 000000010000000000000009 -m 0x10000,0x00001 -O 0xCC80 -x 0x200000 -D /pg/pg11/data -fpg_resetwal: pg_control exists but is broken or wrong version; ignoring itWrite-ahead log reset
啟動數據庫。
[postgres@lsl-test1 global]$ /usr/pgsql-11/bin/pg_ctl start -D /pg/pg11/data/waiting for server to start....2019-05-30 22:42:50.946 CST [2471] LOG: listening on IPv6 address "::1", port 54322019-05-30 22:42:50.946 CST [2471] LOG: listening on IPv4 address "127.0.0.1", port 54322019-05-30 22:42:50.949 CST [2471] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/var/run/postgresql/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 22:42:50.961 CST [2471] LOG: listening on Unix socket "/tmp/.s.PGSQL.5432"2019-05-30 22:42:50.987 CST [2471] LOG: redirecting log output to logging collector process2019-05-30 22:42:50.987 CST [2471] HINT: Future log output will appear in directory "log".doneserver started
8. 查看測試數據是否正常,然后插入新數據看數據庫是否可用。
[postgres@lsl-test1 global]$ psqlpsql (11.2)Type "help" for help.postgres=# select min(oid),max(oid),count(*) from lsl_oid1 ; min | max | count -------+--------+--------16400 | 116399 | 100000(1 row)postgres=# insert into lsl_oid1 select generate_series(100001,200000); INSERT 0 100000postgres=# select min(oid),max(oid),count(*) from lsl_oid1 ; min | max | count -------+--------+--------16384 | 116399 | 200000(1 row)
數據庫可以正常訪問。
至此,本文關于Oracle和PostgreSQL的控制文件內容介紹到這里。
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