Ubuntu的安裝配置和使用

前言

untu(烏班圖)是一個以桌面應用為主的Linux操作系統，其名稱來自非洲南部祖魯語或豪薩語的"ubuntu"一詞，意思是"人性"、"我的存在是因為大家的存在"，是非洲傳統的一種價值觀，類似華人社會的"仁愛"思想。Ubuntu基于Debian發行版和GNOME桌面環境，而從11.04版起，Ubuntu發行版放棄了Gnome桌面環境，改為Unity，與Debian的不同在于它每6個月會發布一個新版本。Ubuntu的目標在于為一般用戶提供一個最新的、同時又相當穩定的主要由自由軟件構建而成的操作系統。Ubuntu具有龐大的社區力量，用戶可以方便地從社區獲得幫助。2013年1月3日，Ubuntu正式發布面向智能手機的移動操作系統。

1 系統安裝操作步驟

OS Version:1804
鏡像下載：http://cdimage.ubuntu.com/releases/

1.1 選擇安裝語言：

1.2 安裝界面選擇第一項進行系統安裝

1.3 選擇安裝過程中使用的語言，也是系統安裝完后使用的默認語言

1.4 選擇地區，這里先選擇最后一項other，然后回車再選擇Asia，最后選擇China

1.5 選擇語言環境

1.6 鍵盤布局檢查，選擇NO

1.7 選擇美式鍵盤

1.8 確認使用美式鍵盤

1.9 配置主機名

1.10 創建一個普通用戶和為其設置密碼

1.11 確認時區

1.12 選擇磁盤分區的方法，這里選手動分區

1.13 選擇磁盤

1.14 確認對磁盤分區

1.15 對磁盤分區

1.16 創建新分區

1.17 指定分區大小，這里將磁盤的全部大小劃分給該分區

1.18 選擇分區類型，這里選主分區

1.19 分區完成

1.20 完成分區并寫入數據

1.21 確認寫入磁盤

1.22 是否使用代理，這里不填

1.23 是否自動更新，這里選擇默認，不自動更新

1.24 選擇安裝組件，選擇對應需要安裝的組件，然后按空格鍵，這里選擇OpenSSH Server

1.25 將GRUB引導加載程序安裝到主引導記錄

1.26 完成安裝，確認重啟服務器

1.27 登錄系統

2 系統基礎配置

官方文檔：https://help.ubuntu.com/

2.1 更改主機名

# cat /etc/hostname 
hechunping

2.2 更改網卡名稱為eth*

# sed -i '/GRUB_CMDLINE_LINUX=/s/"$/net.ifnames=0 biosdevname=0"/' /etc/default/grub
# update-grub
Sourcing file `/etc/default/grub'
Generating grub configuration file ...
Found linux image: /boot/vmlinuz-4.15.0-55-generic
Found initrd image: /boot/initrd.img-4.15.0-55-generic
done
# reboot
# sed -i 's/ens33/eth0/' /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml

2.3 配置root遠程登錄

# 默認情況下，ubuntu不允許root??遠程ssh，如果有實際場景需要允許root??遠程ssh，則需要設置root密碼，并且編輯/etc/ssh/sshd_config?件修改如下：
~$ sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config
32 #PermitRootLogin prohibit-password #默認為禁?登錄
33 PermitRootLogin yes #改為允許登錄

57 #PasswordAuthentication yes
58 PasswordAuthentication yes #打開密碼認證，其實默認就是允許通過密碼認證登錄

~$ sudo su - root #切換到root??環境
~# passwd #設置密碼
Enter new UNIX password:
Retype new UNIX password:
passwd: password updated successfully
~# systemctl restart sshd #重啟ssh服務并測試root??遠程ssh連接

2.4 網絡配置

官方文檔：https://netplan.io/

Ubuntu 從 17.10 開始，已放棄在 /etc/network/interfaces ?固定IP的配置，?是改成 netplan ?式，配置?件是：/etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml

# ubuntu 17.04及之前的靜態IP配置?式：
~# cat /etc/network/interfaces
root@hechunping:~# cat /etc/network/interfaces
# interfaces(5) file used by ifup(8) and ifdown(8)
auto lo
iface lo inet loopback
auto eth0 #?卡?啟動，寫??要配置IP的實際?卡名稱
iface eth0 inet static #配置靜態IP，寫??要配置IP的實際?卡名稱
address 172.18.3.12 #IP地址
netmask 255.255.0.0 #掩碼
gateway 172.18.0.1 #?關
dns-nameservers 223.6.6.6 #DNS
dns-nameservers 223.5.5.5
#重啟?絡服務
~# /etc/init.d/networking restart
~# systemctl restart networking.service

2.4.1 單網卡靜態IP地址

root@hechunping:~# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml 
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
      addresses: [192.168.7.132/24]
      gateway4: 192.168.7.2
      nameservers:
        addresses: [223.6.6.6]
root@hechunping:~# netplan apply

2.4.2 配置多網卡靜態IP

# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml 
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
      addresses: [172.20.7.34/16]
      gateway4: 172.20.0.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [223.6.6.6]
    eth2:
      dhcp4: no
      addresses: [192.168.7.34/24]
      routes:
        - to: 172.20.0.0/16
          via: 192.168.7.2
# netplan apply

2.4.3 單網卡橋接

# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml 
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
  bridges:
    br0:
      dhcp4: no
      addresses: [172.20.7.34/16]
      gateway4: 172.20.0.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [223.6.6.6]
      interfaces:
        - eth0
# netplan apply

2.4.4 多網卡橋接

將br0和br1分別橋接到eth0和eth2。
# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml 
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
    eth2:
      dhcp4: no
  bridges:
    br0:
      dhcp4: no
      addresses: [172.20.7.34/16]
      gateway4: 172.20.0.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [223.6.6.6]
      interfaces:
        - eth0
    br1:
      dhcp4: no
      addresses: [192.168.7.34/24]
      routes:
        - to: 172.20.0.0/16
          via: 192.168.7.2
      interfaces:
        - eth2
root@hechunping:~# netplan apply

2.4.5 雙網卡綁定

需要提前安裝好bridge命令，兩塊網卡使用同一種網絡模式
# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml 
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
    eth2:
      dhcp4: no
  bonds:
    bond0:
      interfaces:
        - eth0
        - eth2
      addresses: [172.20.7.34/16]
      gateway4: 172.20.0.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
      parameters:
        mode: active-backup
        mii-monitor-interval: 100
# poweroff
# netplan apply

2.4.6 雙網卡綁定+橋接

?卡綁定?于提供?卡接?冗余以及?可?和端?聚合功能，橋接?卡再給需要橋接設備的服務使?。

# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml 
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
    eth2:
      dhcp4: no
  bonds:
    bond0:
      interfaces:
        - eth0
        - eth2
      parameters:
        mode: active-backup
        mii-monitor-interval: 100
  bridges:
    br0:
      dhcp4: no
      addresses: [172.20.7.34/16]
      gateway4: 172.20.0.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
      interfaces:
        - bond0
# netplan apply

2.4.7 內外多網卡綁定

多?絡情況下實現?卡綁定。這里使用橋接(eth0,eth2)和NAT(eth3,eth4)兩種網絡模式
# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml 
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
    eth2:
      dhcp4: no
    eth3:
      dhcp4: no
    eth4:
      dhcp4: no
  bonds:
    bond0:
      interfaces:
        - eth0
        - eth2
      addresses: [172.20.7.34/16]
      gateway4: 172.20.0.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
      parameters:
        mode: active-backup
        mii-monitor-interval: 100

    bond1:
      interfaces:
        - eth3
        - eth4
      addresses: [192.168.7.34/24]
      parameters:
        mode: active-backup
        mii-monitor-interval: 100
      routes:
        - to: 172.20.0.0/16
          via: 192.168.7.2
# netplan apply

2.4.8 內外多網卡綁定+橋接

# cat /etc/netplan/01-netcfg.yaml 
# This file describes the network interfaces available on your system
# For more information, see netplan(5).
network:
  version: 2
  renderer: networkd
  ethernets:
    eth0:
      dhcp4: no
    eth2:
      dhcp4: no
    eth3:
      dhcp4: no
    eth4:
      dhcp4: no
  bonds:
    bond0:
      interfaces:
        - eth0
        - eth2
      parameters:
        mode: active-backup
        mii-monitor-interval: 100

    bond1:
      interfaces:
        - eth3
        - eth4
      parameters:
        mode: active-backup
        mii-monitor-interval: 100
  bridges:
    br0:
      dhcp4: no
      addresses: [172.20.7.34/16]
      gateway4: 172.20.0.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [223.6.6.6,223.5.5.5]
      interfaces:
        - bond0
    br1:
      dhcp4: no
      addresses: [192.168.7.34/24]
      routes:
        - to: 172.20.0.0/16
          via: 192.168.7.2
      interfaces:
        - bond1
# netplan apply

3 軟件包管理

3.1 修改軟件倉庫地址

阿?云倉庫地址：https://developer.aliyun.com/mirror
中科?：http://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/help/ubuntu.html
清華?學：https://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/help/ubuntu/
華為：https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/

###### 清華源配置 ######
Ubuntu 的軟件源配置文件是 /etc/apt/sources.list。將系統自帶的該文件做個備份，將該文件替換為下面內容，即可使用 TUNA 的軟件源鏡像。
# cd /etc/apt/
# cp -p sources.list sources.list.bak
# vim sources.list
# 默認注釋了源碼鏡像以提高 apt update 速度，如有需要可自行取消注釋
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse

# 預發布軟件源，不建議啟用
# deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
# apt update #更新本地軟件包列表索引，修改了apt倉庫后必須執?

###### 阿里源配置 ######
# sed -i 's/cn.archive.ubuntu/mirrors.aliyun/' /etc/apt/sources.list
# apt update #更新本地軟件包列表索引，修改了apt倉庫后必須執?

3.2 apt工具使用

apt list #apt列出倉庫軟件包，等于yum list
apt search NAME #搜索安裝包
apt show apache2 #查看某個安裝包的詳細信息
apt install apache2 #在線安裝軟件包
apt remove apache2 #卸載單個軟件包但是保留配置?件
apt autoremove apache2 #刪除安裝包并解決依賴關系
apt update #更新本地軟件包列表索引，修改了apt倉庫后必須執?
apt purge apache2 #卸載單個軟件包刪除配置?件
apt upgrade #升級所有已安裝且可升級到新版本的軟件包
apt full-upgrade #升級整個系統，必要時可以移除舊軟件包。
apt edit-sources #編輯source源?件
apt-cache madison nginx #查看倉庫中軟件包有哪些版本可以安裝
apt install nginx=1.14.0-0ubuntu1.6 #安裝軟件包的時候指定安裝具體的版本

3.3 dpkg安裝包管理

rpm：RPM(Red Hat Package Manager)，是基于Red hat的Linux Distribution的包管理系統，同時也指rpm包本?，RPM?于rpm包的管理（諸如安裝、卸載、升級等）
"dpkg "是"Debian Packager "的簡寫,為 "Debian"專?開發的套件管理系統，?便軟件的安裝、更新及移除。所有源?“Debian”的“Linux ”發?版都使? “dpkg”，例如 “Ubuntu”、“Knoppix ”等。

dpkg -i gitlab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb #安裝某個軟件包
dpkg -r gitlab-ce #刪除某個軟件包保留配置?件
dpkg -r -P gitlab-ce #刪除某個軟件包不保留配置?件
dpkg -I gitlab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb #查看軟件包信息
dpkg -c gitlab-ce_11.9.8-ce.0_amd64.deb #查看軟件包內的?件及?錄內容
dpkg -l #列出本機已經安裝的所有軟件

3.4 設置oracle JDK環境

# pwd
/usr/local/src
解壓?進制?件并設置軟連接：
# tar xf jdk-8u212-linux-x64.tar.gz
# ln -sv /usr/local/src/jdk1.8.0_212 /usr/local/jdk
配置環境變量：
# vim /etc/profile
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/jdk
export PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$JAVA_HOME/jre/bin:$PATH
export CLASSPATH=.$CLASSPATH:$JAVA_HOME/lib:$JAVA_HOME/jre/lib:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar
重新導?環境變量并驗證：
# source /etc/profile
# java -version
java version "1.8.0_212"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.8.0_212-b10)
Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 25.212-b10, mixed mode)

3.5 安裝OpenJDK

# apt install openjdk-8-jdk

3.6 安裝常?系統命令

# apt purge ufw lxd lxd-client lxcfs lxc-common
# apt install iproute2 ntpdate tcpdump telnet traceroute nfs-kernel-server nfs-common lrzsz tree openssl libssl-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zlib1g-dev ntpdate tcpdump telnet traceroute gcc openssh-server lrzsz tree openssl libssl-dev libpcre3 libpcre3-dev zlib1g-dev ntpdate tcpdump telnet traceroute iotop unzip zip

3.7 系統資源限制優化

#cat /etc/security/limits.conf
#root賬?的資源軟限制和硬限制
root soft core unlimited
root hard core unlimited
root soft nproc 1000000
root hard nproc 1000000
root soft nofile 1000000
root hard nofile 1000000
root soft memlock 32000
root hard memlock 32000
root soft msgqueue 8192000
root hard msgqueue 8192000
#其他賬?的資源軟限制和硬限制
* soft core unlimited
* hard core unlimited
* soft nproc 1000000
* hard nproc 1000000
* soft nofile 1000000
* hard nofile 1000000
* soft memlock 32000
* hard memlock 32000
* soft msgqueue 8192000
* hard msgqueue 8192000

3.8e 內核參數優化

# Controls source route verification
net.ipv4.conf.default.rp_filter = 1
net.ipv4.ip_nonlocal_bind = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
# Do not accept source routing
net.ipv4.conf.default.accept_source_route = 0
# Controls the System Request debugging functionality of the kernel
kernel.sysrq = 0
# Controls whether core dumps will append the PID to the core filename.
# Useful for debugging multi-threaded applications.
kernel.core_uses_pid = 1
# Controls the use of TCP syncookies
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
# Disable netfilter on bridges.
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0
# Controls the default maxmimum size of a mesage queue
kernel.msgmnb = 65536
# # Controls the maximum size of a message, in bytes
kernel.msgmax = 65536
# Controls the maximum shared segment size, in bytes
kernel.shmmax = 68719476736
# # Controls the maximum number of shared memory segments, in pages
kernel.shmall = 4294967296
# TCP kernel paramater
net.ipv4.tcp_mem = 786432 1048576 1572864
net.ipv4.tcp_rmem = 4096 87380 4194304
net.ipv4.tcp_wmem = 4096 16384 4194304
net.ipv4.tcp_window_scaling = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_sack = 1
# socket buffer
net.core.wmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_default = 8388608
net.core.rmem_max = 16777216
net.core.wmem_max = 16777216
net.core.netdev_max_backlog = 262144
net.core.somaxconn = 20480
net.core.optmem_max = 81920
# TCP conn
net.ipv4.tcp_max_syn_backlog = 262144
net.ipv4.tcp_syn_retries = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_retries1 = 3
net.ipv4.tcp_retries2 = 15
# tcp conn reuse
net.ipv4.tcp_timestamps = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_reuse = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_tw_recycle = 0
net.ipv4.tcp_fin_timeout = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_max_tw_buckets = 20000
net.ipv4.tcp_max_orphans = 3276800
net.ipv4.tcp_synack_retries = 1
net.ipv4.tcp_syncookies = 1
# keepalive conn
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_time = 300
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_intvl = 30
net.ipv4.tcp_keepalive_probes = 3
net.ipv4.ip_local_port_range = 10001 65000
# swap
vm.overcommit_memory = 0
vm.swappiness = 10
#net.ipv4.conf.eth2.rp_filter = 0
#net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_ignore = 1
#net.ipv4.conf.lo.arp_announce = 2
#net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_ignore = 1
#net.ipv4.conf.all.arp_announce = 2