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這篇文章主要介紹了Python怎么實現遍歷讀取文件或文件夾的相關知識,內容詳細易懂,操作簡單快捷,具有一定借鑒價值,相信大家閱讀完這篇Python怎么實現遍歷讀取文件或文件夾文章都會有所收獲,下面我們一起來看看吧。
假設我們有如下的目錄結構,以bmp結尾的是文件,其他是文件夾。下面的程序都將以該目錄結構為例進行說明。
os.listdir僅讀取當前路徑下的文件和文件夾,返回一個列表。讀取demo目錄結構的代碼和結果如下:
path = r'D:\data' items = os.listdir(path) # ==> ['1.bmp', '2.bmp', 'a', 'b']
os.walk本身已經是遍歷讀取,包含所有的子文件(夾)但是其結果不像是os.listdir一樣是個list,而是一個比較復雜的數據體,難以直接使用,所以一般需要再處理一下。我們可以使用for語句將其打印出來看看:
path = r'D:\data' # part 1 for items in os.walk(path): print(items) # part 2 for main_dir, sub_dir_list, sub_file_list in os.walk(path): print(main_dir, sub_dir_list, sub_file_list)
結果為:
# part 1
('D:\\data', ['a', 'b'], ['1.bmp', '2.bmp'])
('D:\\data\\a', [], ['a1.bmp'])
('D:\\data\\b', [], ['b1.bmp'])
# part 2
D:\data ['a', 'b'] ['1.bmp', '2.bmp']
D:\data\a [] ['a1.bmp']
D:\data\b [] ['b1.bmp']
使用迭代器對os.walk()的結果進行輸出,發現每一條包含三個部分(part 1),在part 2中,我們給三個部分分別起名為main_dir, sub_dir_list, sub_file_list,下面對其進行簡單解釋:
main_dir:遍歷得到的路徑下所有文件夾
sub_dir_list:main_dir下面的文件夾
sub_file_list:main_dir下面的文件
連接main_dir和sub_file_list中的文件可以得到路徑下的所有文件。
sub_dir_list在這里則沒有用處,我們無需再去遍歷sub_dir_list,因為它們已經包含在main_dir里了。
代碼邏輯如下:
需要有后綴辨別功能,并且能夠同時辨別多個后綴
需要有遞歸和非遞歸功能
返回的是以入參path為前綴的路徑,所以如果path是完整路徑那么返回的就是完整路徑,否則就不是
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*- import os def file_ext(filename, level=1): """ return extension of filename Parameters: ----------- filename: str name of file, path can be included level: int level of extension. for example, if filename is 'sky.png.bak', the 1st level extension is 'bak', and the 2nd level extension is 'png' Returns: -------- extension of filename """ return filename.split('.')[-level] def _contain_file(path, extensions): """ check whether path contains any file whose extension is in extensions list Parameters: ----------- path: str path to be checked extensions: str or list/tuple of str extension or extensions list Returns: -------- return True if contains, else return False """ assert os.path.exists(path), 'path must exist' assert os.path.isdir(path), 'path must be dir' if isinstance(extensions, str): extensions = [extensions] for file in os.listdir(path): if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(path, file)): if (extensions is None) or (file_ext(file) in extensions): return True return False def _process_extensions(extensions=None): """ preprocess and check extensions, if extensions is str, convert it to list. Parameters: ----------- extensions: str or list/tuple of str file extensions Returns: -------- extensions: list/tuple of str file extensions """ if extensions is not None: if isinstance(extensions, str): extensions = [extensions] assert isinstance(extensions, (list, tuple)), \ 'extensions must be str or list/tuple of str' for ext in extensions: assert isinstance(ext, str), 'extension must be str' return extensions def get_files(path, extensions=None, is_recursive=True): """ read files in path. if extensions is None, read all files, if extensions are specified, only read the files who have one of the extensions. if is_recursive is True, recursively read all files, if is_recursive is False, only read files in current path. Parameters: ----------- path: str path to be read extensions: str or list/tuple of str file extensions is_recursive: bool whether read files recursively. read recursively is True, while just read files in current path if False Returns: -------- files: the obtained files in path """ extensions = _process_extensions(extensions) files = [] # get files in current path if not is_recursive: for name in os.listdir(path): fullname = os.path.join(path, name) if os.path.isfile(fullname): if (extensions is None) or (file_ext(fullname) in extensions): files.append(fullname) return files # get files recursively for main_dir, _, sub_file_list in os.walk(path): for filename in sub_file_list: fullname = os.path.join(main_dir, filename) if (extensions is None) or (file_ext(fullname) in extensions): files.append(fullname) return files def get_folders(path, extensions=None, is_recursive=True): """ read folders in path. if extensions is None, read all folders, if extensions are specified, only read the folders who contain any files that have one of the extensions. if is_recursive is True, recursively read all folders, if is_recursive is False, only read folders in current path. Parameters: ----------- path: str path to be read extensions: str or list/tuple of str file extensions is_recursive: bool whether read folders recursively. read recursively is True, while just read folders in current path if False Returns: -------- folders: the obtained folders in path """ extensions = _process_extensions(extensions) folders = [] # get folders in current path if not is_recursive: for name in os.listdir(path): fullname = os.path.join(path, name) if os.path.isdir(fullname): if (extensions is None) or \ (_contain_file(fullname, extensions)): folders.append(fullname) return folders # get folders recursively for main_dir, _, _ in os.walk(path): if (extensions is None) or (_contain_file(main_dir, extensions)): folders.append(main_dir) return folders if __name__ == '__main__': path = r'.\data' files = get_files(path) print(files) # ==> ['D:\\data\\1.bmp', 'D:\\data\\2.bmp', 'D:\\data\\a\\a1.bmp', 'D:\\data\\b\\b1.bmp'] folders = get_folders(path) print(folders) # ==> ['D:\\data', 'D:\\data\\a', 'D:\\data\\b']
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