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Linux網絡服務之網絡設置相關命令

發布時間：2020-03-20 21:40:29 來源：網絡 閱讀：464 作者：wx5d8a17c45cb5b 欄目：系統運維

Linux網絡設置

  1. 查看網絡設置

  2. 測試網絡連接

  3. 使用網絡配置命令
  4. 修改網絡配置文件

? 本文主要介紹Linux中一些基礎常用的Linux網絡設置命令與一些腳本文件配置步驟。

一、查看及測試網絡配置

1.ifconfig——查看網絡接口地址

格式：ifconfig [網絡接口名] [ip地址]（子網掩碼）

[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.68.130  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.68.255
        inet6 fe80::7eb1:2dde:8a54:6927  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 3556  bytes 232528 (227.0 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 104  bytes 16400 (16.0 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 56  bytes 6144 (6.0 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 56  bytes 6144 (6.0 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.122.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.122.255
        ether 52:54:00:71:37:09  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.68.130  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.68.255
        inet6 fe80::7eb1:2dde:8a54:6927  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 3560  bytes 232768 (227.3 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 104  bytes 16400 (16.0 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

2.hostname ——查看主機名

格式：hostname

[root@lokott ~]# hostname
lokott
[root@lokott ~]# cat /etc/hostname
lokott
[root@lokott ~]# echo "local" > /etc/hostname 
[root@lokott ~]# cat /etc/hostname
local
[root@lokott ~]#需要重啟才可以設置成功，另一種方法是使用hostnamectl set-hostname 主機名^c
[root@lokott ~]#reboot
[root@local ~]# hostnamectl set-hostname lokott
[root@local ~]# su
[root@lokott ~]# 換為lokott了^c

3.route——查看路由條目

-n：數字顯示（centos6中，7中加不加幾乎一樣）

[root@lokott ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         gateway         0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.68.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0
[root@lokott ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         192.168.68.2    0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.68.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0

4.netstat——查看網絡連接情況

-n 序列號

-p 端口號

-a 所有服務端口

-r 顯示路由表信息

-l 顯示處于監聽狀態的網絡連接及端口信息

-t tcp

-u udp

[root@lokott ~]# netstat -natp
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name    
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:111             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1/systemd           
tcp        0      0 192.168.122.1:53        0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1490/dnsmasq        
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      941/sshd            
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:631           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      939/cupsd           
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1186/master         
tcp6       0      0 :::111                  :::*                    LISTEN      1/systemd           
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN      941/sshd            
tcp6       0      0 ::1:631                 :::*                    LISTEN      939/cupsd           
tcp6       0      0 ::1:25                  :::*                    LISTEN      1186/master         

[root@lokott ~]# netstat -nuap
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name    
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:18066           0.0.0.0:*                           3935/dhclient       
udp        0      0 192.168.122.1:53        0.0.0.0:*                           1490/dnsmasq        
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:67              0.0.0.0:*                           1490/dnsmasq        
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:68              0.0.0.0:*                           3935/dhclient       
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:5353            0.0.0.0:*                           553/avahi-daemon: r 
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:50467           0.0.0.0:*                           553/avahi-daemon: r 
udp6       0      0 :::61206                :::*                                3935/dhclient    

[root@lokott ~]# netstat -r       //與route一樣
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
default         gateway         0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 ens33
192.168.68.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 virbr0

5.traceroute—— 測試從當前主機到目標主機之間經過的網絡節點

[root@lokott ~]# traceroute 127.0.0.1
traceroute to 127.0.0.1 (127.0.0.1), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1  localhost (127.0.0.1)  0.030 ms  0.007 ms  0.035 ms
[root@lokott ~]# traceroute 192.168.10.11
traceroute to 192.168.10.11 (192.168.10.11), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets
 1  gateway (192.168.68.2)  0.154 ms  0.085 ms  0.087 ms
 2  * * *
 3  * * *
 4  * * *
 5  * * *
 6  * * *
 7  *^C
[root@lokott ~]#

6.nslookup—— 測試DNS域名解析

[root@lokott ~]# nslookup www.taobao.com
Server:     192.168.68.2
Address:    192.168.68.2#53

Non-authoritative answer:
www.taobao.com  canonical name = www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com.
Name:   www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com
Address: 111.3.79.235
Name:   www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com
Address: 111.3.79.234
Name:   www.taobao.com.danuoyi.tbcache.com
Address: 211.138.124.238

補充：在Windows系統的dos界面也一樣適用

二、設置絡地址參數

1.臨時配置——調試網絡時使用

2.固定配置——更改配置文件，需要重啟network服務或重啟主機后才會生效，相當于永久配置。

7.ifdown 和ifup 禁用、激活網絡接口

[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33:0 192.168.155.55  //虛接口配置
[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33:0
ens33:0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.155.55  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.155.255
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)

[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33:0 down  
[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33:0
ens33:0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)

[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33:0 192.168.155.55
[root@lokott ~]# ifdown ens33:0 
用法：ifdown <設備名>
[root@lokott ~]# ifdown ens33 
成功斷開設備 'ens33'。
[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 5048  bytes 329861 (322.1 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 490  bytes 46907 (45.8 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33:0
ens33:0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
[root@lokott ~]# ifup ens33 
連接已成功激活（D-Bus 活動路徑：/org/freedesktop/NetworkManager/ActiveConnection/6）
[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig ens33
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.68.130  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.68.255
        inet6 fe80::7eb1:2dde:8a54:6927  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 5082  bytes 332183 (324.3 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 514  bytes 50940 (49.7 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

8.route添加、刪除靜態路由記錄

[root@lokott ~]# route
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
default         gateway         0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.68.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0
[root@lokott ~]# route add -net 192.168.10.0/24 gw 192.168.122.1
[root@lokott ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         192.168.68.2    0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.10.0    192.168.122.1   255.255.255.0   UG    0      0        0 virbr0
192.168.68.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0
[root@lokott ~]# route del -net   192.168.10.0/24    //刪除路由記錄
[root@lokott ~]# route -n
Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags Metric Ref    Use Iface
0.0.0.0         192.168.68.2    0.0.0.0         UG    100    0        0 ens33
192.168.68.0    0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     100    0        0 ens33
192.168.122.0   0.0.0.0         255.255.255.0   U     0      0        0 virbr0

[root@lokott ~]# route del default gw 192.168.68.2  //刪除默認網關
[root@lokott ~]# route add default gw 192.168.68.2  //添加默認網關

9.網絡接口配置文件

[root@lokott ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 
TYPE="Ethernet"                     //類型為以太網
PROXY_METHOD="none"                 
BROWSER_ONLY="no"
BOOTPROTO="dhcp"                      //動態獲取
DEFROUTE="yes"
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL="no"
IPV6INIT="yes"
IPV6_AUTOCONF="yes"
IPV6_DEFROUTE="yes"
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL="no"
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE="stable-privacy"      
NAME="ens33"                        //網卡名字為ens33
UUID="5785d9d2-2603-4b14-bbfb-d95f6545e260"
DEVICE="ens33"                      //設置網絡接口名稱為ens33
ONBOOT="yes"                        //設置網絡接口在Linux系統啟動時激活
[root@lokott ~]#

當然我們可以設置靜態ip地址如下（務必重啟網絡服務）：

[root@lokott ~]# vim  /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 
[root@lokott ~]# cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-ens33 
TYPE="Ethernet"
PROXY_METHOD="none"
BROWSER_ONLY="no"
BOOTPROTO="static"
DEFROUTE="yes"
IPV4_FAILURE_FATAL="no"
IPV6INIT="yes"
IPV6_AUTOCONF="yes"
IPV6_DEFROUTE="yes"
IPV6_FAILURE_FATAL="no"
IPV6_ADDR_GEN_MODE="stable-privacy"
NAME="ens33"
UUID="5785d9d2-2603-4b14-bbfb-d95f6545e260"
DEVICE="ens33"
ONBOOT="yes"
IPADDR="192.168.68.130"
NETMASK="255.255.255.0"
GATEWAY="192.168.68.2"
[root@lokott ~]# systemctl restart network
[root@lokott ~]# ifconfig
ens33: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.68.130  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.68.255
        inet6 fe80::7eb1:2dde:8a54:6927  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>
        ether 00:0c:29:56:d3:4a  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 5803  bytes 377581 (368.7 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 552  bytes 55914 (54.6 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

lo: flags=73<UP,LOOPBACK,RUNNING>  mtu 65536
        inet 127.0.0.1  netmask 255.0.0.0
        inet6 ::1  prefixlen 128  scopeid 0x10<host>
        loop  txqueuelen 1  (Local Loopback)
        RX packets 168  bytes 16496 (16.1 KiB)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 168  bytes 16496 (16.1 KiB)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

virbr0: flags=4099<UP,BROADCAST,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500
        inet 192.168.122.1  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 192.168.122.255
        ether 52:54:00:71:37:09  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)
        RX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0
        TX packets 0  bytes 0 (0.0 B)
        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

[root@lokott ~]#

10.域名解析配置文件

1）指定為本機提供DNS解析的服務器地址信息


[root@lokott ~]# cat /etc/resolv.conf 
# Generated by NetworkManager
search localdomain
nameserver 192.168.68.2
[root@lokott ~]#

2）本地主機映射文件

[root@lokott ~]# cat /etc/hosts
127.0.0.1   localhost localhost.localdomain localhost4 localhost4.localdomain4
::1         localhost localhost.localdomain localhost6 localhost6.localdomain6

? 一般可以將經常需要訪問的主機信息存放在這里，根據這里的映射表可以查找是否有與之對應的記錄，沒有再去DNS服務器查詢，從而提高上網速度。但如果錯誤添加就會出現異常。

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