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本篇內容介紹了“SpringBoot怎么使用Sharding-JDBC實現數據分片和讀寫分離”的有關知識，在實際案例的操作過程中，不少人都會遇到這樣的困境，接下來就讓小編帶領大家學習一下如何處理這些情況吧！希望大家仔細閱讀，能夠學有所成！
一、Sharding-JDBC簡介
二、具體的實現方式
1、maven引用
2、數據庫準備
3、Spring配置
4、精準分片算法和范圍分片算法的Java代碼
5、測試
Sharding-JDBC是Sharding-Sphere的一個產品，它有三個產品，分別是Sharding-JDBC、Sharding-Proxy和Sharding-Sidecar，這三個產品提供了標準化的數據分片、讀寫分離、柔性事務和數據治理功能。我們這里用的是Sharding-JDBC，所以想了解后面兩個產品的話可以去它們官網查看。
Sharding-JDBC為輕量級Java框架，使用客戶端直連數據庫，以jar包形式提供服務，無需額外部署和依賴，可理解為增強版的JDBC驅動，兼容性特別強。適用的ORM框架有JPA, Hibernate, Mybatis, Spring JDBC Template或直接使用JDBC；第三方的數據庫連接池有DBCP, C3P0, BoneCP, Druid等；支持的數據庫有MySQL，Oracle，SQLServer和PostgreSQL；多樣化的配置文件Java，yaml，Spring Boot ，Spring命名空間。其實這里說的都是廢話，大家可以不看，下面我們動手開始正式配置。
我這里用的配置方式是Spring命名空間配置，所以只需要引用sharding-jdbc-spring-namespace就可以了，還有要注意的是我用的不是當當網的sharding，注意groupId是io.shardingsphere。如果用的是其它配置方式可以去http://maven.aliyun.com/nexus/#nexus-search;quick~io.shardingsphere網站查找相應maven引用
<dependency> <groupId>io.shardingsphere</groupId> <artifactId>sharding-jdbc-spring-namespace</artifactId> <version>3.0.0.M1</version> </dependency>
我這里用的是mysql數據庫，根據我們項目的具體需求，我準備了三個主庫和對應的從庫。模擬的主庫名有master，暫時沒有做對應從庫，所以對應的從庫還是指向master；第二個主庫有master_1，對應的從庫有master_1_slaver_1，master_1_slave_2；第三個主庫有master_2，對應的從庫有master_2_slave_1，master_2_slave_2。
數據庫中的表也做了分表，下面是對應的mysql截圖。
這第一幅圖上的主從庫都應該在不同的服務器上的，但這里只是為了模擬所以就建在了本地服務器上了。我們讀寫分離中的寫操作只會發生在主庫上，從庫會自動同步主庫上的數據并為讀提供數據。數據庫的主從復制在上篇博文中做了詳細的介紹，大家可以去看看http://www.mlszssj.com/article/226077.htm
這幅圖作為我們本來的主庫，下面做的分庫和分表都是基于這個庫中的訂單表分的。所以分庫中的表只有訂單表和訂單明細表。
第三幅圖截的是第二個主庫，里面對訂單和訂單明細表做了分表操作，具體的分片策略和分片算法下面再做介紹。第三個主表和第二個主表是一樣的，所有的從表都和對應的主表是一致的。
數據庫信息配置文件db.properties配置可以配置兩份，分為開發版和測試版，如下：
# master Master.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/master?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedStatements=true Master.username=root Master.password=123456 Slave.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/master?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedStatements=true Slave.username=root Slave.password=123456 # maste_1 Master_1.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/master_1?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedStatements=true Master_1.username=root Master_1.password=123456 Master_1_Slave_1.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/master_1_slave_1?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedStatements=true Master_1_Slave_1.username=root Master_1_Slave_1.password=123456 Master_1_Slave_2.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/master_1_slave_2?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedStatements=true Master_1_Slave_2.username=root Master_1_Slave_2.password=123456 # master_2 Master_2.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/master_2?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedStatements=true Master_2.username=root Master_2.password=123456 Master_2_Slave_1.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/master_2_slave_1?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedStatements=true Master_2_Slave_1.username=root Master_2_Slave_1.password=123456 Master_2_Slave_2.url=jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/master_2_slave_2?useUnicode=true&characterEncoding=utf8&autoReconnect=true&rewriteBatchedStatements=true Master_2_Slave_2.username=root Master_2_Slave_2.password=123456
Spring對應的配置：
Spring-Sphere官網中的demo里用的都是行表達式的分片策略，但是行表達式的策略不利于數據庫和表的橫向擴展，所以我這里用的是標準分片策略，精準分片算法和范圍分片算法。因為我們項目中暫時用的分片鍵都是user_id單一鍵，所以說不存在復合分片策略，也用不到Hint分片策略，行表達式分片策略和不分片策略。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
xmlns:sharding="http://shardingsphere.io/schema/shardingsphere/sharding"
xmlns:master-slave="http://shardingsphere.io/schema/shardingsphere/masterslave"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd
http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx
http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx.xsd
http://shardingsphere.io/schema/shardingsphere/sharding
http://shardingsphere.io/schema/shardingsphere/sharding/sharding.xsd
http://shardingsphere.io/schema/shardingsphere/masterslave
http://shardingsphere.io/schema/shardingsphere/masterslave/master-slave.xsd">
<context:component-scan base-package="com.jihao" />
<!-- db.properties數據庫信息配置 -->
<bean id="property" class="org.springframework.beans.factory.config.PropertyPlaceholderConfigurer">
<property name="location" value="classpath:property/db_dev.properties" />
</bean>
<!-- 主庫 -->
<bean id="master" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
<property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="url" value="${Master.url}"/>
<property name="username" value="${Master.username}"/>
<property name="password" value="${Master.password}"/>
</bean>
<!-- 主庫的從庫 -->
<bean id="slave" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
<property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="url" value="${Slave.url}"/>
<property name="username" value="${Slave.username}"/>
<property name="password" value="${Slave.password}"/>
</bean>
<!-- 主庫的分庫1 -->
<bean id="master_1" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
<property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="url" value="${Master_1.url}"/>
<property name="username" value="${Master_1.username}"/>
<property name="password" value="${Master_1.password}"/>
</bean>
<!-- 分庫1的從庫1 -->
<bean id="master_1_slave_1" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
<property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="url" value="${Master_1_Slave_1.url}"/>
<property name="username" value="${Master_1_Slave_1.username}"/>
<property name="password" value="${Master_1_Slave_1.password}"/>
</bean>
<!-- 分庫1的從庫2 -->
<bean id="master_1_slave_2" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
<property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="url" value="${Master_1_Slave_2.url}"/>
<property name="username" value="${Master_1_Slave_2.username}"/>
<property name="password" value="${Master_1_Slave_2.password}"/>
</bean>
<!-- 主庫的分庫2 -->
<bean id="master_2" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
<property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="url" value="${Master_2.url}"/>
<property name="username" value="${Master_2.username}"/>
<property name="password" value="${Master_2.password}"/>
</bean>
<!-- 分庫2的從庫1 -->
<bean id="master_2_slave_1" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
<property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="url" value="${Master_2_Slave_1.url}"/>
<property name="username" value="${Master_2_Slave_1.username}"/>
<property name="password" value="${Master_2_Slave_1.password}"/>
</bean>
<!-- 分庫2的從庫2 -->
<bean id="master_2_slave_2" class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close">
<property name="driverClassName" value="com.mysql.jdbc.Driver"/>
<property name="url" value="${Master_2_Slave_2.url}"/>
<property name="username" value="${Master_2_Slave_2.username}"/>
<property name="password" value="${Master_2_Slave_2.password}"/>
</bean>
<!-- 主從關系配置 -->
<bean id="randomStrategy" class="io.shardingsphere.core.api.algorithm.masterslave.RandomMasterSlaveLoadBalanceAlgorithm" />
<master-slave:data-source id="ms_master" master-data-source-name="master" slave-data-source-names="slave" strategy-ref="randomStrategy" />
<master-slave:data-source id="ms_master_1" master-data-source-name="master_1" slave-data-source-names="master_1_slave_1, master_1_slave_2" strategy-ref="randomStrategy" />
<master-slave:data-source id="ms_master_2" master-data-source-name="master_2" slave-data-source-names="master_2_slave_1, master_2_slave_2" strategy-ref="randomStrategy" />
<!-- 分庫策略 精確分片算法 -->
<bean id="preciseDatabaseStrategy" class="com.jihao.algorithm.PreciseModuleDatabaseShardingAlgorithm" />
<!-- 分庫策略 范圍分片算法 -->
<bean id="rangeDatabaseStrategy" class="com.jihao.algorithm.RangeModuleDatabaseShardingAlgorithm" />
<!-- 分表策略 精確分片算法 -->
<bean id="preciseTableStrategy" class="com.jihao.algorithm.PreciseModuleTableShardingAlgorithm" />
<!-- 分表策略 范圍分片算法-->
<bean id="rangeTableStrategy" class="com.jihao.algorithm.RangeModuleTableShardingAlgorithm" />
<sharding:standard-strategy id="databaseStrategy" sharding-column="user_id" precise-algorithm-ref="preciseDatabaseStrategy" range-algorithm-ref="rangeDatabaseStrategy" />
<!-- 分表策略 -->
<sharding:standard-strategy id="tableStrategy" sharding-column="user_id" precise-algorithm-ref="preciseTableStrategy" range-algorithm-ref="rangeTableStrategy" />
<!-- 行表達式算法 -->
<!-- <sharding:inline-strategy id="databaseStrategy" sharding-column="user_id" algorithm-expression="demo_ds_ms_$->{user_id % 2}" />
<sharding:inline-strategy id="orderTableStrategy" sharding-column="order_id" algorithm-expression="t_order_$->{order_id % 2}" />
<sharding:inline-strategy id="orderItemTableStrategy" sharding-column="order_item_id" algorithm-expression="t_order_item_$->{order_item_id % 2}" /> -->
<sharding:data-source id="shardingDataSource">
<sharding:sharding-rule data-source-names="ms_master,ms_master_1,ms_master_2">
<sharding:table-rules>
<sharding:table-rule logic-table="t_order" actual-data-nodes="ms_master_$->{1..2}.t_order_$->{1..3}" database-strategy-ref="databaseStrategy" table-strategy-ref="tableStrategy" generate-key-column-name="order_id"/>
<sharding:table-rule logic-table="t_order_item" actual-data-nodes="ms_master_$->{1..2}.t_order_item_$->{1..3}" database-strategy-ref="databaseStrategy" table-strategy-ref="tableStrategy" generate-key-column-name="order_item_id"/>
</sharding:table-rules>
</sharding:sharding-rule>
</sharding:data-source>
<bean id="transactionManager" class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DataSourceTransactionManager">
<property name="dataSource" ref="shardingDataSource" />
</bean>
<tx:annotation-driven />
<bean id="sqlSessionFactory" class="org.mybatis.spring.SqlSessionFactoryBean">
<!-- 用于在控制臺打印sql（不需要的可以注釋掉這一行） -->
<property name="configLocation" value="classpath:log/mybatis-config.xml"></property>
<property name="dataSource" ref="shardingDataSource"/>
<property name="mapperLocations" value="classpath*:com/jihao/mapper/*.xml"/>
</bean>
<bean class="org.mybatis.spring.mapper.MapperScannerConfigurer">
<property name="basePackage" value="com.jihao"/>
<property name="sqlSessionFactoryBeanName" value="sqlSessionFactory"/>
</bean>
</beans>標準分片策略，精準分片算法
package com.jihao.algorithm;
import io.shardingsphere.core.api.algorithm.sharding.PreciseShardingValue;
import io.shardingsphere.core.api.algorithm.sharding.standard.PreciseShardingAlgorithm;
import java.util.Collection;
import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
/**
* 自定義標準分片策略，使用精確分片算法（=與IN）
* @author JiHao
*
*/
public class PreciseModuleDatabaseShardingAlgorithm implements PreciseShardingAlgorithm<Long>{
@Override
public String doSharding(Collection<String> availableTargetNames,
PreciseShardingValue<Long> preciseShardingValue) {
System.out.println("collection:" + JSON.toJSONString(availableTargetNames) + ",preciseShardingValue:" + JSON.toJSONString(preciseShardingValue));
for (String name : availableTargetNames) {
// =與IN中分片鍵對應的值
String value = String.valueOf(preciseShardingValue.getValue());
// 分庫的后綴
int i = 1;
// 求分庫后綴名的遞歸算法
if (name.endsWith("_" + countDatabaseNum(Long.parseLong(value), i))) {
return name;
}
}
throw new UnsupportedOperationException();
}
/**
* 計算該量級的數據在哪個數據庫
* @return
*/
private String countDatabaseNum(long columnValue, int i){
// ShardingSphereConstants每個庫中定義的數據量
long left = ShardingSphereConstants.databaseAmount * (i-1);
long right = ShardingSphereConstants.databaseAmount * i;
if(left < columnValue && columnValue <= right){
return String.valueOf(i);
}else{
i++;
return countDatabaseNum(columnValue, i);
}
}
}標準分片策略，范圍分片算法
package com.jihao.algorithm;
import io.shardingsphere.core.api.algorithm.sharding.RangeShardingValue;
import io.shardingsphere.core.api.algorithm.sharding.standard.RangeShardingAlgorithm;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.List;
import com.alibaba.fastjson.JSON;
import com.google.common.collect.Range;
/**
* 自定義標準分庫策略，使用范圍分片算法（BETWEEN AND）
* @author JiHao
*
*/
public class RangeModuleDatabaseShardingAlgorithm implements RangeShardingAlgorithm<Long>{
@Override
public Collection<String> doSharding(
Collection<String> availableTargetNames,
RangeShardingValue<Long> rangeShardingValue) {
System.out.println("Range collection:" + JSON.toJSONString(availableTargetNames) + ",rangeShardingValue:" + JSON.toJSONString(rangeShardingValue));
Collection<String> collect = new ArrayList<>();
Range<Long> valueRange = rangeShardingValue.getValueRange();
// BETWEEN AND中分片鍵對應的最小值
long lowerEndpoint = Long.parseLong(String.valueOf(valueRange.lowerEndpoint()));
// BETWEEN AND中分片鍵對應的最大值
long upperEndpoint = Long.parseLong(String.valueOf(valueRange.upperEndpoint()));
// 分表的后綴
int i = 1;
List<Integer> arrs = new ArrayList<Integer>();
// 求分表后綴名的遞歸算法
List<Integer> list = countDatabaseNum(i, lowerEndpoint, upperEndpoint, arrs);
for (Integer integer : list) {
for (String each : availableTargetNames) {
if (each.endsWith("_" + integer)) {
collect.add(each);
}
}
}
return collect;
}
/**
* 計算該量級的數據在哪個表
* @param columnValue
* @param i
* @param lowerEndpoint 最小區間
* @param upperEndpoint 最大區間
* @return
*/
private List<Integer> countDatabaseNum(int i, long lowerEndpoint, long upperEndpoint, List<Integer> arrs){
long left = ShardingSphereConstants.databaseAmount * (i-1);
long right = ShardingSphereConstants.databaseAmount * i;
// 區間最大值小于分庫最大值
if(left < upperEndpoint && upperEndpoint <= right){
arrs.add(i);
return arrs;
}else{
if(left < lowerEndpoint && lowerEndpoint <= right){
arrs.add(i);
}
i++;
return countDatabaseNum(i, lowerEndpoint, upperEndpoint, arrs);
}
}
}分庫的策略用的和分庫的代碼是一樣的，不同之處就是分庫用的是databaseAmount，分表用的是tableAmount。下面的ShardingSphereConstants的代碼。
package com.jihao.algorithm;
/**
* ShardingSphere中用到的常量
* @author JiHao
*
*/
public class ShardingSphereConstants {
/**
* 訂單、優惠券相關的表，按用戶數量分庫，64w用戶數據為一個庫
* (0,64w]
*/
public static int databaseAmount = 640000;
/**
* 一個訂單表里存10000的用戶訂單
* (0,1w]
*/
public static int tableAmount = 10000;
}到這里所有的配置基本上都已經完成了，下面的測試。
下面是測試的mybatis的測試文件，都是最基礎的就不講解了。
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE mapper PUBLIC "-//mybatis.org//DTD Mapper 3.0//EN" "http://mybatis.org/dtd/mybatis-3-mapper.dtd">
<mapper namespace="com.jihao.dao.TestShardingMapper">
<resultMap id="BaseResultMap" type="com.jihao.entity.Order">
<id column="order_id" jdbcType="INTEGER" property="orderId" />
<result column="user_id" jdbcType="INTEGER" property="userId" />
<result column="status" jdbcType="INTEGER" property="status" />
</resultMap>
<insert id="insert" parameterType="com.jihao.entity.Order" useGeneratedKeys="true" keyProperty="orderId">
INSERT INTO t_order (
user_id, status
)
VALUES (
#{userId,jdbcType=INTEGER},
#{status,jdbcType=VARCHAR}
)
</insert>
<insert id="insertItem" useGeneratedKeys="true" keyProperty="orderItemId">
INSERT INTO t_order_item (
order_id, user_id
)
VALUES (
#{orderId,jdbcType=INTEGER},
#{userId,jdbcType=INTEGER}
)
</insert>
<select id="searchOrder" resultMap="BaseResultMap">
SELECT * from t_order
</select>
<select id="queryWithEqual" resultMap="BaseResultMap">
SELECT * FROM t_order WHERE user_id=51
</select>
<select id="queryWithIn" resultMap="BaseResultMap">
SELECT * FROM t_order WHERE user_id IN (50, 51)
</select>
<select id="queryWithBetween" resultMap="BaseResultMap">
SELECT * FROM t_order WHERE user_id between 10000 and 30000
</select>
<select id="queryUser" resultType="Map">
SELECT * FROM t_user
</select>
</mapper>下面對應的mapper的Java代碼
package com.jihao.dao;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import org.apache.ibatis.annotations.Mapper;
import com.jihao.entity.Order;
import com.jihao.entity.OrderItem;
@Mapper
public interface TestShardingMapper {
int insert(Order record);
int insertItem(OrderItem record);
List<Order> searchOrder();
List<Order> queryWithEqual();
List<Order> queryWithIn();
List<Order> queryWithBetween();
List<Map<String, Object>> queryUser();
}下面是對應的訂單entity代碼
package com.jihao.entity;
/**
* 訂單
* @author JiHao
*/
public class Order {
private Long orderId;
private Integer userId;
private String status;
public Long getOrderId() {
return orderId;
}
public void setOrderId(Long orderId) {
this.orderId = orderId;
}
public Integer getUserId() {
return userId;
}
public void setUserId(Integer userId) {
this.userId = userId;
}
public String getStatus() {
return status;
}
public void setStatus(String status) {
this.status = status;
}
}下面是對應的訂單明細entity代碼
package com.jihao.entity;
/**
* 測試分片
* @author JiHao
*/
public class OrderItem {
private Long orderItemId;
private Long orderId;
private Integer userId;
public Long getOrderId() {
return orderId;
}
public void setOrderId(Long orderId) {
this.orderId = orderId;
}
public Integer getUserId() {
return userId;
}
public void setUserId(Integer userId) {
this.userId = userId;
}
public Long getOrderItemId() {
return orderItemId;
}
public void setOrderItemId(Long orderItemId) {
this.orderItemId = orderItemId;
}
}下面是測試的controller，并沒有寫Junit測試。
package com.jihao.controller.test;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.GetMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody;
import com.jihao.dao.TestShardingMapper;
import com.jihao.entity.Order;
import com.jihao.entity.OrderItem;
import com.jihao.result.Result;
import com.jihao.result.ResultUtil;
/**
* 測試分片
* @author JiHao
*
*/
@Controller
@RequestMapping(value = "test")
public class TestShardingController {
@Autowired
private TestShardingMapper testShardingMapper;
/**
* 測試添加
* @return
*/
@ResponseBody
@GetMapping(value = "/testAdd")
public String testAdd(){
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
Order order = new Order();
// order.setUserId(50);
// order.setUserId(51);
// order.setUserId(10001);
order.setUserId(20001);
order.setStatus("INSERT_TEST");
int count = testShardingMapper.insert(order);
System.out.println(count);
long orderId = order.getOrderId();
System.out.println(order.getOrderId());
OrderItem item = new OrderItem();
item.setOrderId(orderId);
// order.setUserId(50);
// order.setUserId(51);
// order.setUserId(10001);
order.setUserId(20001);
testShardingMapper.insertItem(item);
}
return "success";
}
/**
* 測試搜索
* @return
*/
@ResponseBody
@GetMapping(value = "/testSearch")
public Result searchData(){
List<Order> list = testShardingMapper.searchOrder();
System.out.println(list.size() + " all");
List<Order> list1 = testShardingMapper.queryWithIn();
System.out.println(list1.size() + " In");
List<Order> list2 = testShardingMapper.queryWithEqual();
System.out.println(list2.size() + " Equal");
List<Order> list3 = testShardingMapper.queryWithBetween();
System.out.println(list3.size() + " Between");
List<Map<String, Object>> list4 = testShardingMapper.queryUser();
System.out.println(list4.size() + " user");
return ResultUtil.success(null);
}
}這里要重點提出來的是做搜索測試的時候，因為主從庫都在我本地服務器上，并沒有做主從復制，大家可以根據我上篇博文配置一下就可以順利操作了，如果沒有配置的話從庫里是不會有數據的，所以在做完寫操作時把主庫中的數據手動傳輸給從庫，這樣才能讀出數據。
“SpringBoot怎么使用Sharding-JDBC實現數據分片和讀寫分離”的內容就介紹到這里了，感謝大家的閱讀。如果想了解更多行業相關的知識可以關注億速云網站，小編將為大家輸出更多高質量的實用文章！
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