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MySQL數據庫多實例安裝
簡單的說，MySQL多實例就是在一臺服務器上同時開啟多個不同的服務端口（如：3306、3307），同時運行多個MySQL服務進程，這些服務進程通過不同的socket監聽不同的服務端口來提供服務。
這些MySQL多實例共用一套MySQL安裝程序，使不同的my.cnf（也可以相同）配置文件、啟動程序（也可以相同）和數據文件。在提供服務時，多實例MySQL在邏輯上看來是各自獨立的，它們根據配置文件的對應設定值，獲得服務器相應數量的硬件資源。
打個比方，MySQL多實例就相當于房子的多個臥室，每個實例可以看作一間臥室，整個服務器就是一套房子，服務器的硬件資源（cpu,mem,disk）、軟件資源（Centos操作系統）可以看做房子的衛生間、廚房、客廳，是房子的公用資源。
q 多實例的作用
1）有效利用服務器資源
當單個服務器資源有剩余時，可以充分利用剩余的資源提供更多的服務，且可以實現資源的邏輯隔離。
2）節約服務器資源
當公司資金緊張，但是數據庫又需要各自盡量獨立地提供服務，而且，需要主從復制等技術時，多實例就再好不過了。
q 多實例的弊端
MySQL多實例有它的好處，但也有弊端，比如，會存在資源互相搶占的問題。
當某個數據庫實例并發很高或者有SQL慢查詢時，整個實例會消耗大量的系統CPU、磁盤I/O等資源，導致服務器上的其他數據庫實例提供服務的質量一起下降。不同實例獲取的資源是相對獨立的，無法像虛擬化一樣完全隔離。
是MySQL官網推薦的配置方法，即在同一個配置文件里面有多個實例的配置。對于該方案，缺點是耦合度太高，一個配置文件不好管理。工作開發和運維的統一原則：降低耦合度。
不同的實例擁有不同的配置文件。
[root@mysql02 scripts]# tree /data/ /data/ ├── 3306 │ ├── data #<==3306實例的配置及數據文件 │ ├── my.cnf │ └── mysql └── 3307 ├── data #<==3307實例的數據及配置文件 ├── my.cnf └── mysql 4 directories, 4 files
[root@server ~]# cat /etc/redhat-release CentOS release 6.5 (Final) [root@server ~]# uname -r 2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 [root@server ~]# uname -m x86_64
mysql-5.5.32.tar.gz
下載地址： https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/community/?tpl=files&os=src&version=5.5.32
q 安裝MySQL需要的依賴包
安裝MySQL之前，最好先安裝MySQL需要的依賴包，不然后面會出現很多報錯信息，安裝命令如下：
yum -y install ncurses-devel libaio-devel rpm -qa ncurses-devel libaio-devel
提示：安裝出現下面兩條提示說明成功！
ncurses-devel-5.7-4.20090207.el6.x86_64 libaio-devel-0.3.107-10.el6.x86_64
q 安裝編譯MySQL需要的軟件
yum -y install cmake
q 開始安裝MySQL
以下步驟包括了創建mysql用戶,下載mysql源碼包，編譯參數，編譯安裝，創建軟連接。安裝之前先自行下載mysql-5.5.32.tar.gz版本（5.5.55.tar.gz有BUG，不要使用）。
useradd mysql -s /sbin/nologin -M id mysql cd /usr/local/src/ tar xf mysql-5.5.32.tar.gz cd mysql-5.5.32 cmake . -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX=/opt/mysql-5.5.32 \ -DMYSQL_DATADIR=/opt/mysql-5.5.32/data \ -DMYSQL_UNIX_ADDR=/opt/mysql-5.5.32/tmp/mysql.sock \ -DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8 \ -DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci \ -DEXTRA_CHARSETS=gbk,gb2312,utf8,ascii \ -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=ON \ -DWITH_INNOBASE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \ -DWITH_FEDERATED_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \ -DWITH_BLACKHOLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \ -DWITHOUT_EXAMPLE_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \ -DWITHOUT_PARTITION_STORAGE_ENGINE=1 \ -DWITH_FAST_MUTEXES=1 \ -DWITH_ZLIB=bundled \ -DENABLED_LOCAL_INFILE=1 \ -DWITH_READLINE=1 \ -DWITH_EMBEDDED_SERVER=1 \ -DWITH_DEBUG=0 make make install cd .. ln -s /opt/mysql-5.5.32 /opt/mysql ls /opt/mysql/
q 創建多實例數據目錄（以端口區分）
mkdir -p /data/{3306,3307}/data
chown -R mysql.mysql /data/*[root@localhost 3306]# tree -L 1 /data/3306 /data/3306 ├── data #<==這是在初始化數據庫時自動生成的，不用管 ├── my.cnf #<==這個是單實例的配置文件 └── mysql #<==這個事自己編寫的啟動腳本 1 directory, 2 files
q 單實例配置文件my.cnf內容（3306）：
[client] port = 3306 socket = /data/3306/mysql.sock default-character-set=gbk [mysql] no-auto-rehash [mysqld] user = mysql port = 3306 socket = /data/3306/mysql.sock basedir = /opt/mysql datadir = /data/3306/data open_files_limit = 1024 back_log = 600 max_connections = 800 max_connect_errors = 3000 table_open_cache = 614 external-locking = FALSE max_allowed_packet = 8M sort_buffer_size = 1M join_buffer_size = 1M thread_cache_size = 100 thread_concurrency = 2 query_cache_size = 2M query_cache_limit = 1M query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k #default_table_type = InnoDB thread_stack = 192k #transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED tmp_table_size = 2M max_heap_table_size = 2M long_query_time = 1 #log_long_format #log-error = /data/3306/error.log #log-slow-queries = /data/3306/slow.log pid-file = /data/3306/mysql.pid log-bin = /data/3306/mysql-bin relay-log = /data/3306/relay-log.info binlog_cache_size = 1M max_binlog_cache_size = 1M max_binlog_size = 2M expire_logs_days = 7 key_buffer_size = 16M read_buffer_size = 1M read_rnd_buffer_size = 1M bulk_insert_buffer_size = 1M #myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M #myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G #myisam_repair_threads = 1 #myisam_recover character_set_server=gbk lower_case_table_name = 1 skip-name-resolve slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062 replicate-ignore-db = mysql server-id = 1 innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 4M innodb_buffer_pool_size = 32M innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:128M:autoextend innodb_write_io_threads = 4 innodb_read_io_threads = 8 innodb_thread_concurrency = 16 innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2 innodb_log_buffer_size = 2M innodb_log_file_size = 4M innodb_log_files_in_group = 3 innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90 innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120 innodb_file_per_table = 0 [mysqldump] quick max_allowed_packet = 2M [mysqld_safe] log-error = /data/3306/mysql_3306.err pid-file = /data/3306/mysqld.pid [myisamchk] key_buffer_size = 512M sort_buffer_size = 512M read_buffer = 8M write_buffer = 8M [mysqlhotcopy] interactive-timeout [mysqld_safe] open-files-limit = 8192
q 單實例配置文件my.cnf內容（3307）：
[client] port = 3307 socket = /data/3307/mysql.sock default-character-set=gbk [mysql] no-auto-rehash [mysqld] user = mysql port = 3307 socket = /data/3307/mysql.sock basedir = /opt/mysql datadir = /data/3307/data open_files_limit = 1024 back_log = 600 max_connections = 800 max_connect_errors = 3000 table_open_cache = 614 external-locking = FALSE max_allowed_packet = 8M sort_buffer_size = 1M join_buffer_size = 1M thread_cache_size = 100 thread_concurrency = 2 query_cache_size = 2M query_cache_limit = 1M query_cache_min_res_unit = 2k #default_table_type = InnoDB thread_stack = 192k #transaction_isolation = READ-COMMITTED tmp_table_size = 2M max_heap_table_size = 2M #long_query_time = 1 #log_long_format #log-error = /data/3307/error.log #log-slow-queries = /data/3307/slow.log pid-file = /data/3307/mysql.pid #log-bin = /data/3307/mysql-bin relay-log = /data/3307/relay-log.info binlog_cache_size = 1M max_binlog_cache_size = 1M max_binlog_size = 2M expire_logs_days = 7 key_buffer_size = 16M read_buffer_size = 1M read_rnd_buffer_size = 1M bulk_insert_buffer_size = 1M #myisam_sort_buffer_size = 128M #myisam_max_sort_file_size = 10G #myisam_repair_threads = 1 #myisam_recover character_set_server=gbk lower_case_table_name = 1 skip-name-resolve slave-skip-errors = 1032,1062 replicate-ignore-db = mysql server-id = 3 innodb_additional_mem_pool_size = 4M innodb_buffer_pool_size = 32M innodb_data_file_path = ibdata1:128M:autoextend innodb_write_io_threads = 4 innodb_read_io_threads = 8 innodb_thread_concurrency = 16 innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2 innodb_log_buffer_size = 2M innodb_log_file_size = 4M innodb_log_files_in_group = 3 innodb_max_dirty_pages_pct = 90 innodb_lock_wait_timeout = 120 innodb_file_per_table = 0 [mysqldump] quick max_allowed_packet = 2M [mysqld_safe] log-error = /data/3307/mysql_3307.err pid-file = /data/3307/mysqld.pid [myisamchk] key_buffer_size = 512M sort_buffer_size = 512M read_buffer = 8M write_buffer = 8M [mysqlhotcopy] interactive-timeout [mysqld_safe] open-files-limit = 8192
注：以上只是一個單實例的配置文件，如果實例不相同，則配置略有變化
q 啟動文件mysql
#!/bin/bash
#init
port=3307
mysql_user="root"
mysql_pwd="123456"
CmdPath="/opt/mysql/bin"
mysql_sock="/data/${port}/mysql.sock"
#start mysql function
function start_mysql() {
if [ ! -e "${mysql_sock}" ];then
printf "Starting MySQL......\n"
/bin/sh ${CmdPath}/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data/${port}/my.cnf 2>&1 >/dev/null &
else
printf "MySQL is running ......\n"
exit
fi
}
#stop mysql function
function stop_mysql() {
if [ ! -e "${mysql_sock}" ];then
printf "MySQL is stopped......\n"
exit
else
printf "Stoping MySQL......\n"
${CmdPath}/mysqladmin -u ${mysql_user} -p${mysql_pwd} -S /data/${port}/mysql.sock shutdown
fi
}
#restart mysql function
function restart_mysql() {
printf "Restarting MySQL......\n"
stop_mysql
sleep 2
start_mysql
}
case $1 in
start)
start_mysql
;;
stop)
stop_mysql
;;
restart)
restart_mysql
;;
*)
printf "Usage: /data/${port}/mysql {start|stop|restart}\n"
esac有多少個實例就執行多少次，只需要換3306
cd /opt/mysql/scripts ./mysql_install_db --basedir=/opt/mysql --datadir=/data/3306/data/ --user=mysql --collation-server=utf8_general_ci ./mysql_install_db --basedir=/opt/mysql --datadir=/data/3307/data/ --user=mysql --collation-server=utf8_general_ci Installing MySQL system tables... OK Filling help tables... OK To start mysqld at boot time you have to copy support-files/mysql.server to the right place for your system PLEASE REMEMBER TO SET A PASSWORD FOR THE MySQL root USER ! To do so, start the server, then issue the following commands: /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root password 'new-password' /opt/mysql/bin/mysqladmin -u root -h localhost.localdomain password 'new-password' Alternatively you can run: /opt/mysql/bin/mysql_secure_installation which will also give you the option of removing the test databases and anonymous user created by default. This is strongly recommended for production servers. See the manual for more instructions. You can start the MySQL daemon with: cd /opt/mysql ; /opt/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe & You can test the MySQL daemon with mysql-test-run.pl cd /opt/mysql/mysql-test ; perl mysql-test-run.pl Please report any problems with the /opt/mysql/scripts/mysqlbug script!
注：1、如果~/scripts/目錄下沒有mysql_install_db則說明編譯沒有成功。
2、有兩個OK出現表示初始化成功，如果有WARINING或者ERROR，需要先解決。
啟動命令：直接在mysql 后跟start參數
[root@localhost 3306]# /data/3306/mysql start Starting MySQL...... [root@localhost 3306]# /data/3307/mysql start Starting MySQL...... [root@localhost 3306]# netstat -anp |grep 330 tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3307 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 17531/mysqld tcp 0 0 0.0.0.0:3306 0.0.0.0:* LISTEN 16784/mysqld unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 52308 16784/mysqld /data/3306/mysql.sock unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 52809 17531/mysqld /data/3307/mysql.sock
可能出現錯誤1：
[root@mysql02 3306]# 180124 01:24:15 mysqld_safe error: log-error set to '/data/3306/mysql_3306.err', however file don't exists. Create writable for user 'mysql'.
解決方式：放棄吧少年，5.5.55這個版本可能不適合你編譯呀。
可能出現錯誤2：
180126 22:27:40 [ERROR] COLLATION 'latin1_swedish_ci' is not valid for CHARACTER SET 'utf8' 180126 22:27:40 [ERROR] Aborting
這個在配置文件里面加兩行就搞定了：
[client] default-character-set=gbk [mysqld] character_set_server=gbk
q 多實例本地登錄
多實例本地登錄一般是通過socket文件來指定具體登錄到哪個實例的，此文件的具體位置是在mysql編譯過程中或者my.cnf指定的。在本地登錄數據庫時，登錄程序會通過socket文件來判斷登錄的是哪個數據庫實例。
cp /opt/mysql/bin/* /usr/local/sbin/ #<==首先把命令拷貝到PATH下 [root@localhost 3307]# mysql -uroot -p -S /data/3306/mysql.sock Enter password: #<==這里默認沒有密碼，直接回車進入數據庫。 Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 2 Server version: 5.5.32-log Source distribution Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql>
q 遠程登錄mysql實例
遠程登錄MySQL多實例中的一個實例時，通過TCP端口（port）來指定所要登錄的MySQL實例，此端口的配置是在mysql配置文件my.cnf中指定的。
例如：mysql -uroot -p123456 -h20.0.0.15 -P 3307 ，當然是需要提前賦予登錄的權限。
修改密碼時也需要指定sock文件，命令如下：
mysqladmin password 123456 -S /data/3306/mysql.sock mysqladmin password 123456 -S /data/3307/mysql.sock [root@localhost 3306]# mysql -uroot -p123456 -S /data/3306/mysql.sock Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g. Your MySQL connection id is 1 Server version: 5.5.32-log Source distribution Copyright (c) 2000, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective owners. Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement. mysql>
q 刪除多余的數據庫
mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | | test | +--------------------+ 4 rows in set (0.02 sec) mysql> drop database test; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec) mysql> show databases; +--------------------+ | Database | +--------------------+ | information_schema | | mysql | | performance_schema | +--------------------+ 3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
q 刪除多余的用戶
mysql> select user,host from mysql.user; +------+-----------------------+ | user | host | +------+-----------------------+ | root | 127.0.0.1 | | root | ::1 | | | localhost | | root | localhost | | | localhost.localdomain | | root | localhost.localdomain | +------+-----------------------+ 6 rows in set (0.00 sec) mysql> drop user ""@localhost; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> drop user "root"@"::1"; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> drop user "root"@"localhost.localdomain"; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec) mysql> drop user ""@"localhost.localdomain"; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec) mysql> select user,host from mysql.user; +------+-----------+ | user | host | +------+-----------+ | root | 127.0.0.1 | | root | localhost | +------+-----------+ 2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
注：這里只留余root.127.0.0.1和root.localhost一共2個就好了。
q 安全要領
1）啟動程序設置700，屬主和用戶組為mysql；
2）為MySQL超級用戶root設置密碼；
3）可以刪除root用戶，創建其他管理用戶，例如：admin；
4）登錄時盡量不要在命令行暴露密碼，腳本備份中如果有密碼，給設置700屬主和用戶組為mysql或root；
5）刪除默認存在的test庫；
6）刪除無用的用戶，只保留：root.127.0.0.1和root.localhost；
7）授權用戶對應的主機盡量不要用%，權限不要給all，最小化授權，從庫只給select；
8）清理mysql操作日志文件~/.mysql_history；
9）服務器禁止設置外網IP。
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