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一、背景介紹
在MySQL5.6之前,主從復制是通過binlog和position實現的,當A主機宕機后,B主機成為新的主節點,此時在C主機上需要使用sql語句:CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='xxx', MASTER_LOG_FILE='xxx', MASTER_LOG_POS='xxx';將自己的復制源指向B主機,難點在于,同一個事務在每臺機器上的binlog名字和位置都不一樣,怎么找到C主機當前同步停止點在B主機上的master_log_file和master_log_pos位置就成了問題
于是MySQL在5.6.2之后產生了GTID,即全局事務ID(global transaction ID),其形式為:DomainID-ServerID-TransactionID,在配置是必須確保每個MySQL服務器的server_id都不相同,同一GTID事務在每個節點上都是相同的。
二、GTID與binlog
需要注意的是Mariadb的gtid配置方式與MySQL不相同,二者之間不兼容。MaraDB在10.0.2之后的版本默認是啟用的,即使從服務器使用的是binlog和position進行主從復制,但他仍是采用GTID進行追蹤
這就意味著原先的slave配置可以簡單的切換到GTID模式
STOP SLAVE;
CHANGE MASTER TO master_host='xxxx', master_port=3306, master_user='xxx',master_password='xxx',master_use_gtid=current_pos;
START SLAVE;
而從GTID模式切換回以前的binlog模式也不復雜
STOP SLAVE;
CHANGE MASTER TO MASTER_HOST='xxx', MASTER_LOG_FILE='xxx', MASTER_LOG_POS='xxx';
START SLAVE;
三、master_use_gtid介紹
master_use_gtid = { slave_pos | current_pos | no }有3種選項:
slave_pos:slave將Master最后一個GTID的position復制到本地,Slave主機可通過gtid_slave_pos變量查看最后一個GTID的position
current_pos:假設有AB兩臺主機,A是Master,當A故障后,B成為Master,A修復后以Slave的身份重新添加,A之前從沒擔任過slave角色,所以沒有之前復制的GTID號,此時gtid_slave_pos為空,為了能讓A能自動添加為Slave,此時就用到該選項。該選項是大多數情況下使用的選項,因為他簡單易用同,不必在意服務器之前是Master還是Slave角色。但要注意不要讓從服務器在binlog日志中寫入事務。
建議在服務器上啟用gtid_strict_mode,這樣非Master產生的事物將被拒絕。如果從服務器沒有開啟binlog上面兩種方式等價。
no:關閉GTID功能
四、環境及Maradb配置介紹
本次實驗采用CentOS7.4,數據庫版本為MariaDB-10.2.14,拓撲如下圖所示:
本次模擬當A主機故障后C主機將Master主機重新指向B主機,并且當A主機修復后以Slave的身份重新加入集群
三、操作步驟
1.3臺服務器安裝MariaDB-10.2.14(略)
2.A主機操作
(1)編輯配置文件
[root@host3 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
skip_name_resolve=ON
relay_log=mysql-relaylog
relay_log_index=mysql-relaylog
relay_log_purge=OFF
slow_query_log=ON
server-id=10
innodb_file_per_table=ON
binlog_format=ROW
log_bin=mysql-binlog
log_slave_updates=ON
gtid_strict_mode=ON
(2)啟動并進入MySQL
[root@host3 ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service
[root@host3 ~]# mysql
(3)創建一個用于主從復制的賬號
MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to 'bak'@'172.16.10.%' identified by 'bakpass';
MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
(4)備份當前數據庫并發送給B主機
[root@host3 ~]# mysqldump -uroot --single-transaction --databases=hellodb --masterdata=2 --quick > /tmp/hello.sql
[root@host3 ~]# scp -r /tmp/hellodb.sql root@172.16.10.40:/tmp
(5)之后做任意DML操作,查看當前 gtid_binlog_pos
MariaDB [hellodb]> show global variables like 'gtid%';
+------------------------+---------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------+---------+
| gtid_binlog_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_binlog_state | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_current_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_domain_id | 0 |
| gtid_ignore_duplicates | OFF |
| gtid_slave_pos | |
| gtid_strict_mode | ON |
+------------------------+---------+
3.B主機操作(以備份形式復制)
(1)編輯配置文件
[root@host4 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
skip_name_resolve=ON
relay_log=mysql-relaylog
relay_log_index=mysql-relaylog
relay_log_purge=OFF
slow_query_log=ON
server-id=20
innodb_file_per_table=ON
binlog_format=ROW
log_bin=mysql-binlog
log_slave_updates=ON
gtid_strict_mode=ON
(2)查看備份時A主機的gtid_slave_pos位置
[root@host4 ~]# cat /tmp/hello.sql
(3)登陸MySQL,創建一個用于主從復制的賬號
[root@host4 ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service
[root@host4 ~]# mysql
MariaDB [(none)]> grant replication slave on *.* to 'bak'@'172.16.10.%' identified by 'bakpass';
MariaDB [(none)]> flush privileges;
(4)以備份方式還原并同步數據庫
MariaDB [(none)]> source /tmp/hellodb.sql;
MariaDB [(none)]> SET GLOBAL gtid_slave_pos = '0-10-38';
MariaDB [(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO master_host='172.16.10.30', master_port=3306, master_user='bak', master_password='bakpass',master_use_gtid=slave_pos;
MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
(5)驗證效果
MariaDB [hellodb]> show global variables like 'gtid%';
+------------------------+-----------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------+-----------------+
| gtid_binlog_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_binlog_state | 0-20-37,0-10-40 |
| gtid_current_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_domain_id | 0 |
| gtid_ignore_duplicates | OFF |
| gtid_slave_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_strict_mode | ON |
+------------------------+-----------------+
可以看到gtid_binlog_pos已經和A主機保持一致,之前導入數據庫和創建復制賬號所以B主機上gtid_binlog_state有2個值,官方建議開啟gtid_strict_mode選項或臨時禁用sql_log_bin
4.設置C服務器(以新服務器方式同步)
(1)編輯配置文件(該服務器只作為Slave角色binlog可以不要)
[root@host5 ~]# vim /etc/my.cnf.d/server.cnf
[mysqld]
datadir=/var/lib/mysql
socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
skip_name_resolve=ON
relay_log=mysql-relaylog
relay_log_index=mysql-relaylog
relay_log_purge=OFF
slow_query_log=ON
server-id=20
innodb_file_per_table=ON
binlog_format=ROW
log_bin=mysql-binlog
log_slave_updates=ON
gtid_strict_mode=ON
(2)啟動并進入MySQL
[root@host5 ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service
[root@host5 ~]# mysql
(3)以空服務器進行數據庫同步恢復
MariaDB [(none)]> SET GLOBAL gtid_slave_pos = "";
MariaDB [(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO master_host='172.16.10.30', master_port=3306, master_user='bak', master_password='bakpass',master_use_gtid=current_pos;
MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
(4)驗證效果
MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like 'gtid%';
+------------------------+---------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------+---------+
| gtid_binlog_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_binlog_state | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_current_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_domain_id | 0 |
| gtid_ignore_duplicates | OFF |
| gtid_slave_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_strict_mode | ON |
+------------------------+---------+
===================以上完成主從環境搭建=========================
5.停止A主機MySQL服務,模擬故障
[root@host3 ~]# systemctl stop mariadb.service
6.此時將B主機提升為Master主機,并進行操作
MariaDB [hellodb]> stop slave;
MariaDB [hellodb]> show global variables like 'gtid%';
+------------------------+-----------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------+-----------------+
| gtid_binlog_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_binlog_state | 0-20-37,0-10-40 |
| gtid_current_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_domain_id | 0 |
| gtid_ignore_duplicates | OFF |
| gtid_slave_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_strict_mode | ON |
+------------------------+-----------------+
MariaDB [hellodb]> delete from students where stuid=21;
MariaDB [hellodb]> show global variables like 'gtid%';
+------------------------+-----------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------+-----------------+
| gtid_binlog_pos | 0-20-41 |
| gtid_binlog_state | 0-10-40,0-20-41 |
| gtid_current_pos | 0-20-41 |
| gtid_domain_id | 0 |
| gtid_ignore_duplicates | OFF |
| gtid_slave_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_strict_mode | ON |
+------------------------+-----------------+
7.將C主機的Master有A指向B,并觀察變化
MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like 'gtid%';
+------------------------+---------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------+---------+
| gtid_binlog_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_binlog_state | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_current_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_domain_id | 0 |
| gtid_ignore_duplicates | OFF |
| gtid_slave_pos | 0-10-40 |
| gtid_strict_mode | ON |
+------------------------+---------+
MariaDB [(none)]> stop slave;
MariaDB [(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO master_host='172.16.10.40', master_port=3306, master_user='bak', master_password='bakpass',master_use_gtid=current_pos;
MariaDB [(none)]> start slave;
MariaDB [(none)]> show global variables like 'gtid%';
+------------------------+-----------------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+------------------------+-----------------+
| gtid_binlog_pos | 0-20-41 |
| gtid_binlog_state | 0-10-40,0-20-41 |
| gtid_current_pos | 0-20-41 |
| gtid_domain_id | 0 |
| gtid_ignore_duplicates | OFF |
| gtid_slave_pos | 0-20-41 |
| gtid_strict_mode | ON |
+------------------------+-----------------+
此時C主機的gtid_slave_pos已發生改變
MariaDB [(none)]> show variables like 'gtid_slave_pos';
+----------------+---------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+----------------+---------+
| gtid_slave_pos | 0-20-41 |
+----------------+---------+
8.再將A主機以Slave的身份加入集群操作
[root@host3 tmp]# systemctl start mariadb.service
[root@host3 tmp]# mysql
MariaDB [(none)]> CHANGE MASTER TO master_host='172.16.10.40', master_port=3306, master_user='bak', master_password='bakpass',master_use_gtid=current_pos;
MariaDB [(none)]> show variables like 'gtid_slave_pos';
+----------------+---------+
| Variable_name | Value |
+----------------+---------+
| gtid_slave_pos | 0-20-41 |
+----------------+---------+
至此全部操作完成
補充說明:
1.master_use_gtid = { slave_pos | current_pos }具體用哪一種仍不是很明白,文檔說current_pos適用于大部分環境,所以后期使用都是用該值。
2.Master和Candidate之間可以采用半同步方式降低數據不一致
3.雙主模式下1臺采用binlog1臺采用GTID可以正常工作
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