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這篇文章給大家介紹怎么在Java中實現一個ArrayList.add方法,內容非常詳細,感興趣的小伙伴們可以參考借鑒,希望對大家能有所幫助。
ArrayList
是平時相當常用的List實現, 其中boolean add(E e)
的實現比較直接:
public boolean add(E e) { ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!! elementData[size++] = e; return true; }
有時候也使用 void add(int index, E element)
把元素插入到指定的index
上. 在JDK中的實現是:
/** * Inserts the specified element at the specified position in this * list. Shifts the element currently at that position (if any) and * any subsequent elements to the right (adds one to their indices). * * @param index index at which the specified element is to be inserted * @param element element to be inserted * @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException {@inheritDoc} */ public void add(int index, E element) { rangeCheckForAdd(index); ensureCapacityInternal(size + 1); // Increments modCount!! System.arraycopy(elementData, index, elementData, index + 1, size - index); elementData[index] = element; size++; }
略有差別, 需要保證當前elementData
數組容量夠用, 然后把從index
處一直到尾部的數組元素都向后挪一位. 最后把要插入的元素賦給數組的index
處.
一直以來, 我都認為 System.arraycopy
這個native方法, 它的c++實現是調用底層的memcpy
, 直接方便, 效率也沒問題.
但今天看了openJDK的源碼發現并非如此.
以openJDK8u60 為例, 在objArrayKlass.cpp 中:
void ObjArrayKlass::copy_array(arrayOop s, int src_pos, arrayOop d, int dst_pos, int length, TRAPS) { assert(s->is_objArray(), "must be obj array"); if (!d->is_objArray()) { THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArrayStoreException()); } // Check is all offsets and lengths are non negative if (src_pos < 0 || dst_pos < 0 || length < 0) { THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException()); } // Check if the ranges are valid if ( (((unsigned int) length + (unsigned int) src_pos) > (unsigned int) s->length()) || (((unsigned int) length + (unsigned int) dst_pos) > (unsigned int) d->length()) ) { THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException()); } // Special case. Boundary cases must be checked first // This allows the following call: copy_array(s, s.length(), d.length(), 0). // This is correct, since the position is supposed to be an 'in between point', i.e., s.length(), // points to the right of the last element. if (length==0) { return; } if (UseCompressedOops) { narrowOop* const src = objArrayOop(s)->obj_at_addr<narrowOop>(src_pos); narrowOop* const dst = objArrayOop(d)->obj_at_addr<narrowOop>(dst_pos); do_copy<narrowOop>(s, src, d, dst, length, CHECK); } else { oop* const src = objArrayOop(s)->obj_at_addr<oop>(src_pos); oop* const dst = objArrayOop(d)->obj_at_addr<oop>(dst_pos); do_copy<oop> (s, src, d, dst, length, CHECK); } }
可以看到copy_array在做了各種檢查之后, 最終copy的部分在do_copy方法中, 而這個方法實現如下:
// Either oop or narrowOop depending on UseCompressedOops. template <class T> void ObjArrayKlass::do_copy(arrayOop s, T* src, arrayOop d, T* dst, int length, TRAPS) { BarrierSet* bs = Universe::heap()->barrier_set(); // For performance reasons, we assume we are that the write barrier we // are using has optimized modes for arrays of references. At least one // of the asserts below will fail if this is not the case. assert(bs->has_write_ref_array_opt(), "Barrier set must have ref array opt"); assert(bs->has_write_ref_array_pre_opt(), "For pre-barrier as well."); if (s == d) { // since source and destination are equal we do not need conversion checks. assert(length > 0, "sanity check"); bs->write_ref_array_pre(dst, length); Copy::conjoint_oops_atomic(src, dst, length); } else { // We have to make sure all elements conform to the destination array Klass* bound = ObjArrayKlass::cast(d->klass())->element_klass(); Klass* stype = ObjArrayKlass::cast(s->klass())->element_klass(); if (stype == bound || stype->is_subtype_of(bound)) { // elements are guaranteed to be subtypes, so no check necessary bs->write_ref_array_pre(dst, length); Copy::conjoint_oops_atomic(src, dst, length); } else { // slow case: need individual subtype checks // note: don't use obj_at_put below because it includes a redundant store check T* from = src; T* end = from + length; for (T* p = dst; from < end; from++, p++) { // XXX this is going to be slow. T element = *from; // even slower now bool element_is_null = oopDesc::is_null(element); oop new_val = element_is_null ? oop(NULL) : oopDesc::decode_heap_oop_not_null(element); if (element_is_null || (new_val->klass())->is_subtype_of(bound)) { bs->write_ref_field_pre(p, new_val); *p = element; } else { // We must do a barrier to cover the partial copy. const size_t pd = pointer_delta(p, dst, (size_t)heapOopSize); // pointer delta is scaled to number of elements (length field in // objArrayOop) which we assume is 32 bit. assert(pd == (size_t)(int)pd, "length field overflow"); bs->write_ref_array((HeapWord*)dst, pd); THROW(vmSymbols::java_lang_ArrayStoreException()); return; } } } } bs->write_ref_array((HeapWord*)dst, length); }
可以看到, 在設定了heap barrier之后, 元素是在for循環中被一個個挪動的. 做的工作比我想象的要多.
如果有m個元素, 按照給定位置, 使用ArrayList.add(int,E)逐個插入到一個長度為n的ArrayList中, 復雜度應當是O(m*n), 或者O(m*(m+n)), 所以, 如果m和n都不小的話, 效率確實是不高的.
效率高一些的方法是, 建立m+n長度的數組或ArrayList, 在給定位置賦值該m個要插入的元素, 其他位置依次賦值原n長度List的元素. 這樣時間復雜度應當是O(m+n).
還有, 在前面的實現中, 我們可以看到有對ensureCapacityInternal(int) 的調用. 這個保證數組容量的實現主要在:
/** * Increases the capacity to ensure that it can hold at least the * number of elements specified by the minimum capacity argument. * * @param minCapacity the desired minimum capacity */ private void grow(int minCapacity) { // overflow-conscious code int oldCapacity = elementData.length; int newCapacity = oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1); if (newCapacity - minCapacity < 0) newCapacity = minCapacity; if (newCapacity - MAX_ARRAY_SIZE > 0) newCapacity = hugeCapacity(minCapacity); // minCapacity is usually close to size, so this is a win: elementData = Arrays.copyOf(elementData, newCapacity); }
大家知道由于效率原因, ArrayList容量增長不是正好按照要求的容量minCapacity來設計的, 新容量計算的主要邏輯是: 如果要求容量比當前容量的1.5倍大, 就按照要求容量重新分配空間; 否則按當前容量1.5倍增加. 當然不能超出Integer.MAX_VALUE了. oldCapacity + (oldCapacity >> 1) 實際就是當前容量1.5倍, 等同于(int) (oldCapacity * 1.5), 但因這段不涉及浮點運算只是移位, 顯然效率高不少.
所以如果ArrayList一個一個add元素的話, 容量是在不夠的時候1.5倍增長的. 關于1.5這個數字, 或許是覺得2倍增長太快了吧. 也或許有實驗數據的驗證支撐.
Java中的集合主要分為四類:1、List列表:有序的,可重復的;2、Queue隊列:有序,可重復的;3、Set集合:不可重復;4、Map映射:無序,鍵唯一,值不唯一。
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